
fJass / 3yS~ 
Book. , /V ^L 
Copyright^ 

CflEOUGKT DEPOSIT. 





NDONJ85I 

Chicago, 1893 



Th e Mms ^rttVpe- . 

Published fo* \l\e 

orlds Golumbian Exposition, 
ch icago. 

1890. 




October 7th, 1890. 



TO THE PRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. ^ 

The undersigned has been elected to the position of Director General of the 
World's Fair, Chicago 1893, by the joint action of the National Commissioners and the 
Board of Directors. 

In accepting this important position, he accepts all of its responsibilities, and trusts 
that with the aid of the press of this country, this great International Exhibition may 
prove to be such a success as will be creditable to the American Nation. 

By act of Congress it is provided that the buildings for the World's Fair shall be 
dedicated on the 12th of October, 1892, and that the exhibition shall be open to visitors 
on the first day of May. 1893, and close not later than the 30th day of October there- 
after. Thus we have two years in which to arrange the grounds and erect the buildings, 
and seven months additional in which to receive and place the exhibits. So far as this 
country is concerned, the undersigned feels justified in the statement that the presentation 
of the agricultural and stock products will be in every respect superior to any previous 
exhibition, also that in manufactures and inventions the progress of the United States 
will be indicated in a most remarkable manner. There is also every reason to anticipate 
exhibits in large numbers from every nation on the globe, it being estimated by practical 
experts that the total number of exhibits will not be less than fifty thousand, divided 
equally between the United States and all foreign nations. It is proposed to make this 
exhibition specially interesting in all that relates to manufactures, by the presentation of 
the most important processes in active operation. In comparison with these will be pre- 
sented the methods used in other countries four hundred years since. Already there are 
indications that nearly every State and Territory in the Union will be fully represented, 
and that large appropriations will be made at the approaching sessions of the different 
State legislatures. Circulars and blank applications for space will be forwarded in due 
season to all intending exhibitors. 

The undersigned would -call upon the press of the United States to hold up his 
hands in this great International undertaking, which, if successful, will establish the United 
States of America as the first nation on the globe. 

Respectfully, 

(Signed) GEO. R. DAVIS, 

Director-General. 



I 




VI 



CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, 1492. 



WORLD'S FAIRS 



FROM 



London 1851 to Chicago 1893 



BY 



C. B. NORTON 



ILLUSTRATED WITH VIEWS AND PORTRAITS 



.." 



/V- 



THE MAAS ARTTYPE 




PUBLISHED FOR THE 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 1893. 

MILTON WESTON COMPANY. 

CHICAGO, 1890. 



Copyright. 1890, C. B. Norton 



\ - 



THE great importance of the coming event in Chicago, and 
the relation it will bear to previous International Exhibitions, 
has led to the preparation of this pamphlet, with a view that 
the importance of the undertaking may be recognized in season to 
secure its being a success. Every citizen of Chicago should fully 
appreciate the great advantages to be derived to this city from the 
knowledge of its progress that will be secured to the millions of 
visitors in 1893. Let the visitors see, in addition to the attractions 
of the Exhibition itself, a thoroughly well-governed, beautiful city; 
well policed, well drained, clean and in perfect order. Thus, the 
Columbian Exposition in 1893, and the city of Chicago, will be 
remembered with pleasure. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER 1. 
The World's Fair London 1851. 

CHAPTER II. 
World's Fair Dublin 1S53. New York 1853. Paris 1855. 

CHAPTER III. 

World's Fair London 1862. 

CHAPTER IV. 
World's Fair Paris 1867. 

CHAPTER V. 

World's Fair V : enna 1873. 

CHAPTER VI. 

World's Fair Philadelphia 1876. 

CHAPTER VII. 

World's Fair Paris 1878. Sydney 1879. Melbourne 1880. 

Foreign World's Fair Boston 1883. 

CHAPTER VIII. 
World's Fair Paris 1889. 

CHAPTER IX. 
World's Fair Chicago 1893. 

CHAPTER X. 

Chicago as it is in 1890. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Large Bird's-Eye View of Chicago, 

Portrait of Christopher Columbus, 1492, 

Crystal Palace, London, 1851, 

Portrait of Prince Albert, 1851, 

Portrait of Queen Victoria, 1851, 

World's Fair Dublin 1853.— Main Building, - 

World's Fair New York 1853. — Main Building, - 

World's Fair Paris 1855. — Main Building, 

World's Fair Munich 1854.— Main Building, 

World's Fair London 1863 Main Building, 

World's Fair Paris 1867.— Ground Plan, 
World's Fair Vienna 1873 — Ground Plan, 
World's Fair Philadelphia 1876.— Ground Plan, - 
World's Fair Philadelphia 1876.— Main Building, 
World's Fair Philadelphia 1876.— Art Building, - 
World's Fair Paris 1878— United States Building, 
World's Fair Melbourne 1S80. — Main Building, 
World's Fair Paris 1889. — General View, 
World's Fair Paris 1889.— Center Dome, - 
World's Fair Paris 1889.— Fountain, - 
World's Fair Paris 1889. — Palace of Fine Arts, - 



Facing title 
Facing Chap. I 
Facing page 12 
Facing page 16 

- Facing Chap II 
Facing page 18 
Facing page 20 
Facing page 22 

Facing Chap. Ill 
Facing Chap. IV 

- Facing Chap. V 
Facing Chap. VI 

- Facing page 41 
Facing page 43 

Facing Chap. VII 

- Facing page 50 
Facing Chap. VIII 

Facing page 57 

- Facing page 55 
Facing page 60 



World's Fair Chicago. — Portrait of Thomas W. Palmer, President World's 



Columbian Commission, 1893, 



Facing Chap. IX 



World's Fair Chicago. — Portrait of George R. Davis, Director General 



Wold's Columbian Exposition, 1893, 
World's Fair Chicago. — Portrait of Lyman 

Columbian Exposition, 1893, 
Chicago, 1890. — First National Bank, 
Chicago, 1890. — Board of Trade Building, 
Chicago, 1890- — Art Institute, 
Chicago, 1890.— Palmer House, 
Chicago, 1890. — Grand Pacific Hotel, 
Chicago, 1890. — The Auditorium, 
Chicago, 1890.— The Chicago, 
Chicago, 1890. — Rand-McNally Building, 
Chicago, 1890. — World's Fair Map, 



Facing page 64 
J. Gage, President World's 

- Facing page 73 
Facing Chap. X 

- Facing page 65 
Facing page 67 

- Facing page 78 
Facing page 81 

- Facing page 83 
Facing page 85 

- Facing page 87 

End of book 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE WORLD'S FAIR, LONDON, 1851. 

While in past years, previous to 1851, there have been gatherings of mer- 
chants from different nations for trade and commerce, yet the first well-defined 
World's Fair was the one held in London in 1851, and in a building known as the 
Crystal Palace. There can be no question but that the originator of this Inter- 
national Exhibition was Prince Albert, and to him is due the credit of one of the 
most important events of the present century, for from the starting point of 1851 
have proceeded all other World's Fairs until now, when Chicago — a comparatively 
unknown factor at that date — will close the century with an exhibition worthy of 
itself and the American nation. So far as concerns National Exhibitions, we must 
bear in mind that the initial movement is due to the French who first undertook to 
offer prizes at public exhibitions for distinctive excellence. Later on, England 
followed in the same line, and the local exhibition at Birmingham was so complete 
and exhaustive, that it doubtless secured public attention when the International 
Exhibition of 1851 was suggested by Prince Albert. 

ARCHITECTURE. 

To secure a proper design for building, an invitation was addressed through 
the public prints to architects of all nations, to furnish designs for an edifice the 
roof of which was to cover 700,000 square feet, and the area of which, including 
the open spaces, was not to exceed 900,000 square feet. Other conditions were 
enumerated which indicated that the whole of the details had been carefully and 
judiciously considered. Although the time allowed for the preparation of the 
drawings was only a month, there were no fewer than 233 competitors, many of 
whom sent in designs of a highly elaborate character. Of these thirty-eight, or 
one-sixth of the whole, were from foreigners, one hundred and twenty-eight from 
London and its immediate vicinity, and fifty-one from the provincial towns of 
England. After long and serious consideration, the well-known plan of Mr. 
Paxton was adopted, and the building was properly entitled The Crystal Palace. 

The actual location of the Crystal Palace was not settled until late in 1849, when 
permission was secured for the use of Hyde Park, and the design, presented by Sir 
Joseph Paxton, was adopted. Sir Joseph being a landscape gardener, his ideas were 
quite in the line of his profession, for the form and shape of the Crystal Palace is 
based upon that of the gigantic leaf of the Victoria Regia, or African water lily. 
The contract for tnis building was made with Fox & Henderson, who bound them- 
selves to complete the building — 1,851 feet long, to correspond with the year, and 

450 feet broad — in four months, using 900,000 square feet of glass, weighing more 

li 



12 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



than 400 tons; 3,300 iron columns, varying from 15 to 20 feet in length, with 34 
miles of guttering pipe joining all the columns together underground ; 2,225 girders ; 
205 miles of sash bar; flooring for an area of 33,000,000 cubic feet, besides enormous 
quantities of wooden walling, louvre work and partition. To indicate the rapidity 
of construction, it may be stated that 18,392 pieces of glass were fixed in the roof 
in one week by eighty men, and 108 pieces, or 367 feet, 6 inches, of glazing being 
accomplished by one of the glaziers in a single clay, the total cost being estimated in 
round figures at $965,000. Prince Albert, the father of this enterprise, at a grand 
banquet given by the Lord Mayor of London, delivered an address, from which 
we extract the following remarks, fully as applicable to the present time, as when 
these noble sentiments were uttered : 

I conceive it to be the duty of every educated person closely to watch and study the time in 
which he lives, and, as far as in him lies, to add his humble mite of individual exertion, to fur- 
ther the accomplishment of what he believes Providence to have ordained. Nobody, however, 
who has paid any attention to the particular features of our present era, will doubt for a moment 
that we are living at a period of most wonderful transition, which tends rapidly to accomplish 
that great end — to which, indeed, all history points — the realization of the unity of mankind; 
not a unity which breaks down the limits and levels the peculiar characteristics of the different 
nations of the earth, but rather a unity, the results and product of these very national varieties 
and antagonistic qualities. The distances which separated the different nations and parts of the 
globe are gradually vanishing before the achievements of modern invention, and we can traverse 
them with incredible speed; the languages of all nations are known, and their acquirement 
placed within the reach of everybody; thought is communicated with the rapidity and even by 
the power of lightning. On the other hand, the great principle of the division of labor, which 
mav be called the moving power of civilization, is being extended to all branches of science, 
industry and art. Whilst formerly the greatest mental energies strove at universal knowledge, 
and that knowledge was confined to few, now they are directed to specialties, and in these again 
even to the minutest points. Moreover, the knowledge now acquired becomes the property of 
the community at large. Whilst formerly discovery was wrapt in secrecy, it results from the 
publicity of the present day, that no sooner is a discovery or invention made, than it is already 
improved upon and surpassed by competing efforts. The products of all quarters of the globe 
are placed at our disposal, and we have to devise which is the best and cheapest for our purposes, 
and the powers of production are contrasted to the stimulus of competition and capital. Thus 
man is approaching a more complete fulfillment of that great and sacred mission which he has 
to perform in this world. His reason being created after the image of God, he has to use it to 
discover the laws by which the Almighty governs his creation, and by making these laws his 
standard of action, to conquer nature to his use — himself a divine instrument. Science discovers 
these laws of power, motion, and transformation ; industry applies them to the raw matter which 
the earth yields us in abundance, but which becomes valuable only by knowledge; art teaches 
us the immutable laws of beauty and symmetry, and gives to our productions forms in accord- 
ance with them. The exhibition of 1851 is to give us a true text and a living picture of the 
point of development at which the whole of mankind has arrived in this great task, and a new 
starting point, from which all nations will be able to direct their future exertions. I confidently 
hope the first impression which the view of this vast collection will produce on the spectator 
will be that of deep thankfulness to the Almighty for the blessings which he has bestowed upon 
us already here below; and the second, the conviction that they can only be realized in propor- 
tion to the help which we are prepared to render to each other; therefore, only by peace, love 
and ready assistance, not only between individuals, but between the nations of the earth. This 
being my conviction, I must be highly gratified to see here assembled the magistrates of all 
important towns of this realm, sinking all their local, and possibly political differences — the 
representatives of the different political opinions of this country, and the representatives of the 
different foreign nations — to-day representing only one interest. 

When we bear in mind that to Prince Albert is due that influence which 
secured the inaction of Great Britain in our national conflict, we can more fully 
appreciate the wise and carefully thought out views of this far-seeing mind. 




PRINCE ALBERT, 1851. 



LONDON, 1851. 13 



LABOR. 

The work connected with the construction of the Crystal Palace proceeded 
rapidly, and it is estimated that not fewer than ten thousand persons were engaged 
in one way or other in the service of the exhibition. One week, 2,260 workmen 
were actually engaged in and about the building itself; and it was in keeping with 
all the rest of the business details, that the system of payment was so admirably 
arranged with regard to exactitude and celerity, that out of this number 2,000 
received their wages at the close of the day, in one hour, without confusion, noise 
or mistake of any kind. 

A press writer in 1851, in relation to foreign exhibitors, refers to the United 
States as follows: 

Of foreign lands America comes last. Follow the course of her rivers, examine her sea- 
board, track her footsteps across the prairies and Rocky mountains — follow her into the far west, 
amidst falling forests and flying Indians — cross her immense lakes, whirl with her through 
swamps and surroundings, or pause amid her rising and river cities, and ask what variety of man- 
ufacture exists which the enterprise, and toil, and acuteness of the United States cannot supply, 
with little to fear from the result of universal competition. 

OPENING OF THE CRYSTAL PALACE. 

As is well known, the Crystal Palace Exhibition was opened on the 1st of 
May by the Queen in person, Prince Albert in an address explaining the objects 
and purposes of the undertaking. The Duke of Wellington, Lord Palmerston, 
and the Marquis of Anglesea were present. The ceremonial was one it may be 
said without precedent or rival. " The homage paid by the sovereign of the widest 
empire in the world to the industry and genius of both hemispheres, will not fill a 
page in history as a mean and unsubstantial pageant. While the race of man 
exists, this solemn and magnificent occasion will not readily fade away from his 
memory like the baseless fabrics of a dream; it commences an era in which the 
sons of toil shall receive honor and reward ; and, in accordance with the spirit of 
the dav, it stimulates the energies of men to conquer " fresh domains " and discover 
new faculties of nature and her products, for the well-being and use of his fellow- 
creatures. Of itself as a passing display of state pomp and power, we cannot speak 
too highly; for even oriental gorgeousness fades in comparison with the glories of 
the unequaled temple which enshrines the exhibition of all nations at Hyde Park." 

A PROFITABLE UNDERTAKING. 

It must be borne in mind that with the Crystal Palace Exhibition everything 
had to be learned, and yet so admirable was its management that there is little 
change to be made after nearly a half century of experience. 

The expenses connected with the World's Fair 1851 are estimated as follows, 
approximating in our currency: 

Personal services, including staff, executive committee, jurors, and profess- 
ional assistance £ 71,965 or $360,000 

Police 19,648 or 100,000 

Office expenses, such as rent, furniture, stationery, printing, postage, 

advertising 8,869 or 45,000 

General maintenance, including coal, lighting, water, implements and 

tools, repairs, accidents 4,878 or 25,000 

Jury department, medals, photographs .- 6,717 or 35,000 

Law Expenses - 10,508 or 52,000 

£122,795 or $617,000 



14 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



Its managers secured a profitable return to those who had placed confidence 
in their estimates and promises, and that has not been accomplished since, the 
surplus left being $930,000. Messrs. Spicer and Clowes paid £3,200 or 
$16,000 for the privilege of printing the catalogue. They sold 285,000 of the 
shilling catalogue. In the matter of refreshments, wine, spirits, beer, or intoxi- 
cating drinks were expressly forbidden, and yet the refreshment concession was 
sold for $27,500. As no cooking was allowed in the building, dinners were 
limited to cold meat and steamed potatoes. Some idea of the amount of food con- 
sumed may be formed by the following statistics: Of lemonade, soda water and 
ginger ale, 1,000,000 bottles; cakes and buns, 1,250,000; potatoes, 36 tons; pickles, 
1,000 gallons; ham, 33 tons; ice, 363 tons; milk and cream, 65,000 quarts; coffee, 
15,000 pounds; tea, 1,000 pounds; chocolate, 5,000 pounds; bread, 1,100,000 loaves. 
The estimated total amount expended for refreshments, $375,000. 

Several temporary eating houses were erected in the immediate vicinity with 
accommodations for thousands. 

ADMISSION CHARGES IN 1851. 

After much debate and consultation, a price of one shilling (twenty-five 
cents) was fixed for admission for four days in the week, on Fridays two shillings 
and sixpence (seventy-five cents), and on Saturdays five shillings ($1.25); season 
ticket for gentleman, 3 guineas ($15.75) ; season ticket for lady, 2 guineas ($10.50). 
No change was made at any of the entrances, but exchange offices were arranged 
in the vicinity. Of the money received at. the gates, which were opened at 10 
a. m. and closed at 6 p. m., £275,000 ($1,375,000) was in silver and £81,000 
($405,000) in gold. There was about £500 of bad money taken, all silver coun- 
terfeits. This cash was attended to by eighteen collectors, assisted on special 
occasions by six aids. An estimate made at the time in 1851, fixed the increased 
income to the city of London at £4,000,000 ($20,000,000) for the six months only 
in which the exhibition was kept open, and without reference to the many perma- 
nent advantages which accrued at a later period. 

There was really very little interest taken by this country in the Great 
Exhibition, the total number of visitors to England from the United States being 
only 5,048, and yet considering the small number of exhibits (499), we secured a 
larger proportion of awards than any other nation. The number of jurors was 
318, of whom the British claimed 161 and the foreign nations 157; of this 
last class the United States had 24. Special attention was attracted to our 
coaches, wagons, buggies and trotting sulkies, which at that time were almost 
unknown in Europe. Chickering's and Meyer's pianos were noticed, and due 
credit given to the cotton and woolen goods from Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 
McCormick's reaper carried off the gold medal at this great exhibition. The 
sight of Powers' Greek Slave in marble was a surprise to the English critics.- 
Joiners' tools, axes and shovels were mentioned by the jury as deserving medalso 
India rubber goods were for the first time on exhibition, and the yacht America 
and Francis' life boat were objects of special interest. 

THE UNITED STATES AS EXHIBITORS IN 1851. 

The total number of exhibitors was 13,937, of whom Great Britain contributed 
6,861, the British Colonies 520, and the rest of the world 6,556. Persia furnished 




QUEEN VICTORIA, 1851. 



LONDON, 1851. 15 



12, China 30, Greece 36, and Denmark 39, a small show in comparison with their 
exhibits in all subsequent exhibitions. The estimated value of the contents was 
equal to $9,000,000, exclusive of the priceless value of the Koh-i-noor diamond. 

The United States was represented by a commissioner, Edward Riddle, Esq., 
of Boston; secretaries, Messrs. Dodge and Morey; clerks, Messrs. Brewster and 
Walker, and three assistants. 

The National Institute, in conformity with tne wish of the government, 
appointed a central committee composed of the following gentlemen: Hon. Millard 
Fillmore, President of the United States; Col. Peter Force, Hon. Jas. A. Pearce, 
U. S. Senate; Hon. Levi Woodbury, Supreme Court; Commodore Lewis War- 
rington, U. S. N.; Prof. Joseph Henry, Vice-President Smithsonian Institute; 
Prof. Walter R. Johnson, Prof. Alexander D. Bache, Commander Charles 
Wilkes, Hon. W. W. Seaton, Mayor of Washington ; Hon. Jefferson Davis, U. S. 
Senate; Lieut. Matthew F. Maury, Chas. F. Stansbury, Esq.; Col. J. J. Clark, 
Gen. Jas. G. Totten, Thos. Ewbank, Ex-Commissioner of Patents; William Early, 
Esq.; Dr. Leonard D. Gale, J. C. G. Kennedy, Esq., Superintendent of Census; 
Ezra C. Seaman, Esq.; Abbott Lawrence, U. S. Minister to London. 

AWARDS. 

After giving the subject careful consideration, the committee decided to award 
a council medal ranking with a diploma of honor, the prize medal and a cer- 
tificate of honorable mention distributed as follows: Council medals, 171; prize 
medals, 2,954; and honorable mentions, 2,123. In the United States there was 
given the highest award, council medal to Gail Borden, Jr., for meat biscuit; 
D. Dick, engineers' tools and presses; C. H. McCormick, reaping machine; Wm. 
Bond & Son, invention of a new mode of observing astronomical phenomena; C. 
Goodyear, rubber goods. Total number of awards to the United States, 5 council 
medals, 102 prize medals, and 53 honorable mentions. 

It was while attending this exhibition that several citizens of the United States 
decided to present the subject of an international exhibition in New York for 
public consideration. 

A most interesting feature connected with the exhibition of 1851 was the 
arrangements made for the admission of schools and the inmates of charitable 
institutions, 493 schools with 35,540 scholars availing themselves of this oppor- 
tunitv. Through the influence of the Duke of Wellington, leave of absence 
was secured for a large number of regiments, so that both officers and privates 
could spend at least a day in the Crystal Palace. 

The police arrangements were very satisfactory, there being only twenty-three 
cases of arrest, twelve for picking pockets and eleven for theft. A few policemen 
were secured from other countries, and also a band of interpreters, at the expense 
of the commission. No smoking or matches allowed in the building, a well- 
drilled fire brigade always on guard, and plenty of water, with sixty feet pressure. 
There were 1,454 omnibuses and 3,429 cabs available in London during the World's 
Fair 1851. 

A series of lectures and essays by eminent scientific men were published 
during the world's fair, and they had a large circulation, doing much to improve 
the mind and taste of the public. 



J6 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



CLASSIFICATION. 

The classification was based upon the most simple plan possible, all exhibits 
being divided into four great sections, raw material and produce, machinery, manu- 
factures and fine arts. 

THE QUEEN OF ENGLAND. 

From its first inception the Queen took a warm personal interest in the success 
of the Crystal Palace. She not only opened it in person, but made several visits 
with her family. Her portrait presented herewith is a faithful likeness, as well as 
that of Prince Albert, representing them both as they appeared in 1S51. For the 
first and only time in the history of exhibitions the world's fair in London proved to 
be a financial success, there being in hand, after paying all expenses, not less than 
$750,000. There were over 17,000 exhibitors, of which about one-third were 
foreigners. It was at this exhibition that the wonderful diamond known as the 
Koh-i-noor was for the first time shown to the public. 

PRINCE ALBERT. 

There can be no question but that the success of this great world's fair is 
largely due to the support of Prince Albert, whose character is shown in these 
words delivered at the award of prizes: 

In now taking leave of all those who have so materially aided us in their respective char- 
acters of jurors and associates, foreign and local commissioners, members and secretaries of 
local and sectional committees, members of the Society of Arts, and exhibitors, I cannot refrain 
from remarking, with heartfelt pleasure, the singular harmony which has prevailed amongst the 
eminent men representing so many national interests— a harmony which cannot end with the 
event that produced it. Let us receive it as an auspicious omen for the future; and while we 
return our humble and heart}' thanks to Almighty God for the blessings he has vouchsafed to 
our labors, let us all earnestly pray that Divine Providence, which has so benignant]}' watched 
over and bhielded this illustration of Nature's productions conceived by human intellect, and 
fashioned by human skill, may still protect us, and may grant that the interchange of knowledge 
resulting from the meetings of enlightened people in friendly rivalry, may be dispersed far and 
wide over distant lands; and thus by throwing our mutual dependence upon each other, be a 
happy means of promoting unity among nations, and peace and good will among the various 
races of mankind. 



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DUBLIN, 1853— NEW YORK, 1853. 17 



CHAPTER II. 
DUBLIN WORLD'S FAIR, 1853— NEW YORK, 1853— PARIS, 1855. 

The next attempt at an international exhibition was made in Dublin, but it 
was in no sense of the word a success. It was undertaken at the cost of a 
private citizen, who advanced $400,000 for expenses. The building was only 425 
feet long, 100 feet wide, 105 feet high, and with its annexes cost $240,000- We 
give herewith a view of this building, which had little to distinguish it in an 
architectural point. 

It was opened by the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, as the representative of Her 
Majesty, on May 12th, 1853, and remained open until October 29th. Advantage 
was taken of the fact that there were no paintings on exhibition at the Crystal 
Palace in 1851, to secure a most remarkable collection for Dublin in 1853, valued at 
$1,000,000, and it was without question the finest collection ever brought together 
for public exhibition up to that time. While the world's fair in Dublin was very 
largely attended, it was not a financial success. The number of visitors was esti- 
mated at 1,150,000, but there was not sufficient income to meet the expenses. 

NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR, 1853. 

It must be borne in mind that the government of the United States has never 
assumed the expense of an international exposition. The New York world's fair, 
like the one in Philadelphia in 1876, was the outcome of local and individual enter- 
prise. The treasury department made the building a bonded warehouse, and goods 
for exhibition were duty free. The lease of the ground corner Forty-second street 
and Sixth avenue was secured on January 1st, 1852, and the following March a 
state charter was granted, in spite of much local opposition on the ground that it 
was " hostile *o American industry." The charter of incorporation was entitled 
for the " Association for the Exhibition of the Industries of all Nations," with a 
capital of $200,000. 

The city government required that the building erected should be composed 
of iron, glass and wood, and that the entrance fee should not exceed fifty cents. 
The board of directors was composed of some of the best citizens of New York, as 
follows: Mortimer Livingston, Alfred Bell, August Belmont, Alexander Hamil- 
ton, Jr., George Schuyler, Albert J. Anderson, Henry R. Dunham, W. C. War- 
dell, Jacob A. Westervelt, James A. Hamilton, Samuel Nicholson, Philip Bur- 
rowes, Johnston Livingstone, Charles W. Porter, Theodore Sedgwick, William 
W. Stone, William Whetten, John Dunham, William Kent, Watts Sherman, 
J. W. Edmunds, Jef Roosvelt; Theodore Sedgwick being elected president and 
William Whetten secretary. 



18 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



For the purpose of raising a fund for the necessary expenses, subscription 
to stock were solicited through the agency of the well-known banking house of 
Duncan, Sherman & Co. Proposals for architectural plans were published, and 
Sir Joseph Paxton, the architect of the London Crystal Palace, was one of the 
competing architects. The design selected, of which we give a plate heiewith, 
was prepared by Messrs. Carstensen and Gildermeister. Work was only com- 
menced the latter part of August, 1852, and on the 30th of October the governor 
of New York, with other dignitaries, witnessed the erection of the first column in 
the building, which was placed with appropriate ceremonies. This building was 
two stories high, the first being in the form of an octagon and the second that of a 
Greek cross. In the center was a dome 14-8 feet high. The four corners were 
octagon shaped and each front had two towers seventy feet high, supporting tall 
flagstaffs. The construction of iron girders, columns, etc., was on the same plan 
with that of the Crystal Palace in London, but the plan of the dome was original 
with the American architects. 

The main building covered 170, OuO square feet, and the annex 93,000 square 
feet. This latter building was composed of two stories, and was 21 feet broad and 
450 feet long, lighted from above, the sides being closed. It was arranged for a 
gallery of paintings, and was connected with the main building by two one-story 
wings used as refreshment rooms. The ceilings of this building were of glass, 
sustained by iron pillars, there being 45,000 square feet each way, being sixteen by 
thirty-eight. The general style of architecture was Moorish, the decorations being 
Byzantine and the ceilings painted in red, white, blue and cream color, producing 
a very pleasing effect. There were three entrances 147 feet wide. The central 
aisle was 41 and the side aisles 54 feet in width. The dome was 100 feet across. 

FORMAL OPENING. 

The New York world's fair was formally opened on July 14th, 1853, but it 
was far from being ready. President Pierce, Jefferson Davis, then secretary of 
war; Salmon P. Chase, Gen. Winfield Scott, Caleb Cushing, attorney general; 
Commodores Stewart and Boorman, Horatio Seymour, governor of New York; 
George E. Post, governor of New Jersey; Howell Cobb, governor of Georgia; 
Archbishop Hughes, Bishop Wainwright, Judges Betts, Edmunds, Oakley, Roose- 
velt and others; Lord and Lady Ellesmere and daughters, Col. Almonte, Mexi- 
can minister; M. de Sartiges, French minister; Senor de Osma, Peruvian minister, 
and Mayor Westervelt were among the distinguished persons present on this 
occasion. The classification of articles adopted here was the same as at the London 
world's fair 1851, viz.: raw materials, machinery, manufactures and fine arts, a 
simple method of grouping very satisfactory to the public. It is a matter worthy 
of consideration whether the extreme of classification lately resorted to in public 
exhibitions is of real service to a large majority of the visitors and exhibitors. Prof. 
W. P. Blake, New Haven, Conn., prepared the mining exhibit. 

There were 4,100 exhibitors, more than one-half of whom were foreigners. 
The financial results were: Cost of building and other expenses, $640,000; total 
receipts, including admissions, concessions, sale of catalogues, etc., $340,000, leaving 
a loss of $300,000, which fell upon the stockholders. 

It may possibly be remembered that Horace Greelev, a director in the New 
York world's fair, was arrested while in Paris and locked up in Clichy prison, at 



PARIS, 1855. 19 



the suit of a French exhibitor whose property had been damaged. One of the 
best letters ever written by Mr. Greeley was from his cell in Clichy prison. 

WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1855. 

This exhibition possessed one feature of great interest, which has been made 
quite prominent ever since in connection with world's fairs. That was the de- 
partment of fine arts. Louis Napoleon, emperor of the French, assisted by Prince 
Napoleon, president of the exhibition, did all in their power by awards of decora- 
tions and medals to place France in the front rank. 

BUILDINGS. 

The Palace of Industry, which formed the main building for the world's fair, 
still remains on the main avenue of the Champs Elysees, where it is made use of 
for many purposes connected with annual and other exhibitions. It is rectangular 
in shape, solidly constructed, and intended to be permanent. In it were exhibited 
the twenty industrial classes principally. 

Another building, called an Annex, some 4,000 feet long, was devoted specially 
to machinery. The third building, or Palace of Fine Arts, was located at quite a 
distance from the two others. Between the Palace of Industry and the Annex was 
a circular building known as the Rotunda, in which were displayed the crown 
jewels of France, valuable carpets, tapestries, etc. Outside and surrounding this 
Rotunda was a considerable space, partly covered and partly uncovered, in which ■ 
carriages and vehicles of all kinds, as well as agricultural machinery, were on 
exhibition. 

Thus the World's Fair Paris 1855 was held in three buildings, the Palace of 
Industry, Palace of Fine Arts and Machinery Hall. Although the preparation 
and erection of these buildings was set on foot and mainly carried out with the 
capital of a commercial company organized in Paris, yet it was the French govern- 
ment that really had the sole management of the exhibition, taking all risk in the 
enterprise, and guaranteeing to the company a certain 23ercentage of profit on their 
outlay. The emperor accordingly appointed imperial commissioners, with Prince 
Napoleon at their head, for the management of the exhibition. 

The total space occupied in these buildings by exhibitors, including passages, 
offices and all else used bv the public, was about 1,866,000 square feet. A view of 
the principal entrance to this world's fair is given herewith. 

EXHIBITORS. 

The total number of exhibitors was 23,954, divided as follows: French 
empire, 11,986; foreign states, 11,968. This closeness of the two numbers must 
be recognized as very curious. The United .States was only represented by 144 
exhibitors, thirteen of these being in the department of fine arts. Fifty-three 
foreign states and twenty-two foreign colonies were represented in this exhibition 
without including France, the three provinces of Algeria, and eight French 
colonies. 

The classification of exhibits was arranged in eight groups and thirty-one 
classes. The total number of jurors was 398 — 208 being assigned to France and 
190 to foreign countries. 



20 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



AWARDS. 

The system of awards was as follows: 

1. Gold medal — Grand medal of honor. 

2. Gold medal — Medal of honor. 

3. Silver medal — First class. 

4. Bronze medal — Second class. 

5. Honorable mention. 

There were 112 grand medals of honor, 252 medals of honor, 2,300 first class 
medals, 3,900 second class medals, 4,000 honorable mention. Of the above, a 
grand medal of honor was awarded to C. H. McCormick, of Chicago, United 
States. In fine arts there were forty artists personally decorated by the emperor, 
and in addition there were awarded J 6 medals of honor, 67 first class medals, 87 
second class medals, 77 third class medals, 222 honorable mention. Messrs. Healy, 
Rossiter and May, American artists, were noticed favorably, Mr. Healy receiving 
a second class medal and Messrs. May and Rossiter each a third class medal. 

VISITORS. 

The World's Fair Paris 1855 was kept open exactly 200 days, Sundays 
included. The admission was by season tickets and cash paid at entrances. Season 
tickets for the entire exhibition cost $20. The general admission on most days 
was one franc, or twenty cents, but on Friday, a reserved clay, $1, and on Sundays 
eight cents only, it being the only day when the working classes, laborers, etc., 
could take advantage of this wonderful opportunity for recreation and study. All 
soldiers, military pensioners and pupils from military schools, were admitted free 
upon certain hours and days in each week. 

The total number of visitors was 5,162,330. Those holding season tickets 
entered 97,800 times; those who paid $1 or five francs, were in number 33,926; 
the total number at twenty cents was 2,103,535; and those at eight cents, 2,196,795. 

On the day of the opening ceremony and when the queen of England visited 
the exhibition, only season tickets were allowed. The largest number on any one 
day was on Sunday, Sept. 9, 1S55, when there were 123,017 persons. It is esti- 
mated that during the world's fair Paris was visited by 160,000 foreigners and 
350,000 French people from the various departments. 

COST AND INCOME. 

The total cost of this exhibition may be put down in round numbers at 
$2,257,000 — or, adding cost of Palace of Industry, paid for by the French govern- 
ment, nearly $5,000,000. The total receipts reached the sum of 3,202,41)5 francs, 
or $644,100. While the financial results of this world's fair indicate a very serious 
loss, yet it is believed that in this instance, as in all other international exhibitions, 
that there was a very large financial advantage to the city of Paris. Allowing 
that the half million of visitors only averaged $20 each, certainly not an unreason- 
able estimate, we have at once the gross sum of $10,000,000 as probably left in 
Paris in 1 855. 

There was very considerable interest shown by Great Britain in the Paris 
World's Fair 1855. The British government at once appropriated $250,000 for 
the expenses of the national exhibit, and local committees were formed in all the 



PARIS, 1855. 21 



principal cities and towns for the purpose of selecting the very best specimens of 
each class of manufactures. It was by this careful system of organization that the 
superiority of British manufactures was so often brought to the front. The result 
was, that the British section of the Paris World's Fair of 1855 was a more com- 
plete representation of the products and manufactures of the United Kingdom 
than the London World's Fair of 1851. 

The total number of packages was 6,420, the weight a little over 1,300 tons. 
Only about half of these amounts, both in value and weight, w§re returned to 
England; the balance were sold. Forty thousand British subjects visited Paris 
during this World's Fair, of whom 2,768 were workmen sent over free of expense. 
The Queen, Prince Albert, the Prince of Wales and % the Princess Royal crossed 
the British Channel and visited the exhibition. 

Much credit is due to M. Le Play, commissioner general, for the admirable 
manner in which all departments of this exhibition were managed. Mr. Cole, the 
able manager of the British section, makes these remarks in his report at the close 
of the World's Fair Paris 1855. 

The utility of the London and Paris universal exhibitions in teaching nations the compar- 
ative strength and weakness of their respective industries, and showing their mutual means for 
supplying each other's wants; in dissipating the prejudices of ignorance, and awakening desires 
for improvement, has been so manifest and generally admitted, that, notwithstanding the cost 
and trouble of them, and the great interruption they cause to ordinary trade, it is probable these 
exhibitions will extend and become periodical at least in some of the principal cities of Europe. 
The ultimate purpose of all industrial exhibitions is commercial. It is true that various motives, 
besides those of direct trade, induce some few exhibitors to display their productions, but the 
bulk of exhibitors will be always attracted by the hopes of extending commerce. It may be laid 
down as an axiom, that the chief and direct advantages of an exhibition are derived by the 
country which holds it. It cannot be doubted that England with its exhibition of 1851 and 
France with its exhibition of 1855, respectively derived a much greater proportionate benefit 
than any of their foreign contributors. London reaped a rich harvest from visitors to the 
metropolis, of which at least 70,000 were foreigners. 

It is estimated by M. Pietri, chief of police, that not less than 350,000 visitors 
came to the World's Fair Paris 1855, of which number there were 160,000 
foreigners, of whom 40,000 were British subjects, and that at least $30,000,000 
were expended in the city of Paris. 

From the World's Fair Paris 1855 to the World's Fair London 1862 there 
were several local exhibitions of considerable importance, all being the result of 
the impetus given in the start by Prince Albert. 

In 1854, Victoria held its first exhibition at Melbourne, in a palace of glass, 
erected on the site of the present mint. There were also interesting local industrial 
celebrations at Brussels in 1856; Lausanne in 1857, with 2,050 exhibitors; Turin in 
1858, and Hanover in 1859; but we should pay special attention to the unequaled 
Fine Art Exhibition at Manchester in 1857. 

This may well be entitled a World's Fair of Art, for never before has such a 
mass of artistic wealth, both of old masters and the modern school, been congre- 
gated together; art, indeed, was everywhere prominent, even in the arrangement 
of the great hall with its statues and groups of armour separated and arranged in 
little islands of greenery. Heirlooms were contributed from all parts of the king- 
dom; the Royal Academv sent its diploma pictures, and there was arranged for 
the first time on public view the plan of a British portrait gallery, comprising the 
noted personages of Great Britain, commencing with Henry IV. and coming down 



22 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



to the present time, comprising the works of Holbein, Van Dyke, Zucchero, Sir 
Peter Lely, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir Thomas Lawrence. Not only artistically, 
but financially it was a success, and Manchester may well be proud of the record 
of no less than 1,336,715 visitors, and receipts nearly $420,000. 

In 1859 Greece had her first exhibition at Athens, with 974 exhibitors. In 
1861 there were national art exhibitions in Dublin, Edinburgh and Florence. 

WORLD'S FAIR MUNICH 1854. 

This exhibition was only open three months, owing to the approach of cholera. 
The building, of which we give an illustration, was built of iron and glass, 800 
feet long, 260 feet wide, and 87 feet high, and cost $450,000. It recalls in many 
respects the Crystal Palace of 1851, the main difference between them being the 
substitution of a square towered transept for the well-known circular roof. This 
building was designed by Herr Wit, and still remains as a permanent building. 

The number of exhibitors was estimated at over 7,000, and the value of 
exhibits $7,500,U00. 



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CHAPTER III. 
WORLD'S FAIR LONDON 1862. 

It was fully intended and arranged to have a deccenial exhibition in London 
1861, ten years after the first world's fair, but the great national loss in the death 
of Prince Albert occasioned its postponement to 1802. The main buildings of the 
World's Fair 1862 covered about seventeen acres of ground, exclusive of the two 
annexes on the east and west of the Horticultural Gardens, which may be estimated 
at seven acres, making the total area twenty-four acres. In shape, the ground was 
nearly rectangular, measuring about 1,200 feet from east to west and 560 feet from 
north to south. There were three grand entrances, on three .principal streets. 
The buildings were designed by Captain Fowke, royal engineer, assistant and 
engineer to the government department of science and art. The contractors for 
erecting it were Mr. Weld and Messrs. Lucas Brothers. 

The total area of covered space amounted to 1,291,800 square feet, of which 
147,700 square feet were taken up by refreshment rooms, offices, entrances and 
staircases, leaving 1,144,100 square feet available for exhibition purposes. The 
total area roofed in was 988,000 square feet. In dividing this space, the royal 
commissioners adopted the rule of giving one-half the total space to foreign 
nations and retaining one-half for itself. 

As a matter of record, it is thought advisable to give the amount of space 
occupied by each country at the London World's Fair 1862: 

FLOOR SPACE. 

Square Feet. 

Great Britain and Colonies 229,759 

France and Colonies 54,481 

Germany 38,691 

United States 3,242 

Africa 158 

South America 1,468 

Austria 15,494 

Belgium 12,473 

China 534 

Denmark 2,163 

Egypt 746 

Greece 242 

Holland 2,912 

Hayti 146 

Italy 7,905 

Japan ' 300 

Siberia 95 

Madagascar 34 



24 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



Portugal 1,772 

Rome 1,334 

Russia 4,648 

Spain 2,563 

Sweden and Norway 4,556 

Switzerland 4,029 

Turkey 1,374 

Total floor space 391,146 

WALL SPACE. 

Square Feet. 

Great Britain and Colonies 146,229 

France and Colonies 9,222 

Belgium 13,176 

Austria 13,195 

Germany 25 425 

Turkey and Egypt 6,568 

Denmark 5,059 

Holland and Colonies 4,281 

Norway and Sweden , 3,061 

Portugal 1,955 

Russia 5,871 

Spain 2,726 

Switzerland 3,085 

Other countries 44,707 

Total wall space 284,670 

In the department of fine arts the space was divided as follows: 

Wall Space. Floor Space. 

Great Britain and Colonies 34,773 3,728 

Austria 5,179 210 

Belgium 4,565 776 

Brazil 60 

Denmark 1,887 7 

France 11,246 1,761 

Germany 8,077 751 

Greece 209 142 

Holland 2,848 

Italy 4,741 859 

Norway and Sweden 2,873 142 

Rome 1,132 1,267 

Russia 1,333 30 

Spain 1,743 

Switzerland 1,972 

Turkey 83 

United States 404 56 

83,126 9,729 
EXHIBITORS, ETC. 

The total number of exhibitors at the World's Fair of London 1862 was 
28,653, including 2,305 artists, whose works were exhibited in the four classes of 
the fine arts department. As can easily be understood, the position of our country 
at that time was not such as could admit of much thought for exhibits, nevertheless 
with the small number sent in for competition, the United States received fifty-six 
medals and twenty-nine diplomas for articles on exhibition. 



LONDON, 1862. 25 

The total cost of the buildings may be stated at $1,605,000, and the total cost 
of the World's Fair 1862, including all expenses, $2,300,000. This exhibition 
was opened on May 1, 1862, and closed November 15, there being 121 days during 
which the public were admitted. The exhibition was opened by the Duke of 
Cambridge, 30,000 people being present, with a choir of 2,000 voices and an 
orchestra of 400 musicians. A notable feature of the occasion was the Japanese 
embassy in full court costume. 

The arrangements for admittance were confined to season tickets and payments 
at the doors. On the day of opening only ticket holders were admitted. On the 
two next days the charge for admission was £1 or $5 ; from May 5th to 17th 
inclusive, 5 shillings or $1.25; after that date the prices varied on certain days in 
the week 1 shilling or 25 cents, to 5 shillings or $1.25; but the result shows very 
clearly that a uniform moderate price of admission produces the largest returns. 
The ordinary season tickets were fixed at 3 guineas or $15.00. 

The total receipts of tickets and cash were as follows: 

Two days at 20 shillings or $5.00 $ 2,530 

One day at 10 shillings or $2.50 5,250 

Sixteen days at 5 shillings or $1.25 89,105 

Sixty-three days at 2 shillings 6 pence or 62 cents 480,330 

Sixty-eight day s at 1 shilling or 25 cents 1,065,000 

Approximating in our money $1,644,260 

The total receipts, including tickets, payments at doors, concessions for cata- 
logue, refreshments, photographs, retiring rooms, umbrella stands, etc., amounted 
in round numbers to $1,298,150, the average returns on the shilling days being 
double that of the high-price days. 

. VISITORS. 

The total number of visitors amounted to nearly six millions and a quarter. 
The daily average attendance was 36,328, and the largest number on any one day 
was 67,891. There were issued to exhibitors 257,246 free passes; this includes all 
of the officers, attendants and staff of the exhibition. The average daily attend- 
ance was as follows: On Mondays, 44,307; Tuesdays, 45,936; Wednesdays, 
43,988; Thursdays, 44,806 ; Fridays, 22,138; Saturdays, 19,594. 

The total number of jurors and associate jurors appointed by the exhibiting 
countries was 620, of which there were 331 British and Colonial, and 239 foreign. 
The United States had five of this number. There were no gradations of medals 
at the World's Fair 1862, one medal only being awarded by the juries. Certificates 
of honorable mention were also awarded. There were in all 8,141 medals and 
5,2S2 certificates. The total number of jury awards was 13,423, or nearly one 
award for every two exhibitors. The United States was represented by 128 
exhibitors, and received fifty-eight medals and thirty-one honorable mentions. 

This exhibition, managed upon former experience, possessed many advantages. 
A post-office was established, through which passed the first three months 211,500 
letters, also a money-order office and a bank. 

Special arrangements were made to guard against fire, water being laid on at 
a high pressure in every part of the buildings, which were insured for 2,250,000. 

A special division of police was detailed by Sir Richard Mayne, consisting of 
400 men, four inspectors, forty sergeants, and one general superintendent. 

A reading-room and telegraph office were established. 



26 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



CATALOGUES. 

Much attention was given to this important subject in 1862, and at an early 
period arrangements were effected to publish a large illustrated catalogue in four 
volumes imperial 800, which is to-day a most creditable specimen of printing, 
paper and illustration. It was gotten up in a liberal spirit for the advantage of 
exhibitors, who paid at the rate of $25 per page for all space over and above two 
lines of description, one well-known manufacturer supplying over thirty pages of 
illustrations and text. There was also printed a small, compact shilling catalogue, 
and a separate fine arts catalogue for a shilling. 

During the last two months of the erection of the buildings about 39,000 
mechanics and 50,000 laborers were employed, giving an average of between 
1,300 and 1,400 per day. 

There were 9,862 applicants for space, of which a very large number were 
rejected. The letters received by the board of commissioners amounted to 
44,000; letters posted, 84,000, and printed documents of all kinds, 250. For the 
first time in any exhibition were shown manufacturing processes at work, and 
the}' proved one of the most attractive sections of the World's Fair in 1862- The 
following were successfully introduced: needle machine, medal striking, litho- 
graphic printing, type casting, gold chain making, copper-plate printing, a potter's 
wheel, brick and tile making, type printing, wood carving. 

In the matter of refreshments, the commission decided to permit the sale of 
substantial food, including wines and malt liquors, and allowed a total amount of 
space amounting to 74,000 square feet. 

In the organization, the most careful steps were taken to insure general 
co-operation in Great Britain. Two hundred and ninety-seven district committees 
and 450 local committees were appointed, and also special traveling commissioners 
to perfect organization in all sections of the kingdom. 





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PARIS, 1867. 27 



CHAPTER IV. 
WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1867. 

At no period in the history of France shall we find any greater record 
of splendor and display than was exhibited in Paris in 1867. Those Ameri- 
cans who were so fortunate as to have seen the court of France at that time 
have something to remember. The idea of a world's fair was worthy of an 
emperor who could bring to Paris as his guests the Czar of Russia, with his two 
sons, the Sultan of Turkey, the Prince of Wales, the Khedive of Egypt, the King 
of Prussia with Bismarck, the kings of Denmark, Portugal, Sweden, etc. — a 
gorgeous scene of entertainment from start to finish. 

As is well known, the location selected for the World's Fair Paris 1867 was 
in the Champs de Mars, convenient to all parts of the city. The form of building 
was selected by Prince Napoleon, with the view of introducing a new system of 
classification, the results of which have given cause to debate and argument up to 
the present time. As will be seen from view of building given herewith, it is of 
an oval shape, thus facilitating the arrangement of exhibits, both by classes and 
countries, so that one desiring only to study one product could follow that class 
steadily through every producing nation until he arrived back at his starting point. 
On the other hand, should he desire information in reference to a single nation, he 
would simply confine himself to that section of the elliptic. 

This oval building was 1,550 feet long and 1,250 feet wide, covering in all 
eleven acres, while smaller buildings connected with this main building increased the 
area to thirty-five acres. In addition was annexed the island of Billancourt, compris- 
ing fifty-two acres for agricultural purposes. In the construction of this building, up- 
wards of 370,000 cubic meters of soil had to be removed to make room for founda- 
tions, drains, air passages and water pipes. The outer circle was excavated so as to 
give a succession of vaulted cellars built of stone and concrete and lined with cement. 
The two interior galleries of the exhibition were built of stone, and the seven others of 
iron. The roof was formed of corrugated iron and supported by 176 iron pillars, each 
weighing 24,000 pounds, upon which the arches or ribs were placed. The supply 
of water for this enormous structure and for the park, its various buildings and 
fountains, was obtained from the river Seine, and was raised by powerful pumps 
to a reservoir with a capacity of 4,000 cubic yards of water, which was made water- 
tight by a lining of concrete. 

The balance of the territory comprising the Champs de Mars, in all some 
seventy acres, was laid out in gardens and fountains, and covered with buildings 
erected by different nations, such as Turkish mosques, Russian slobodas, Swiss 
chalets, Tunisian kiosks, Swedish cottages, English light house, Egyptian temples, 
caravansaries, etc. 



28 WORLD'S FAIRS 



This exhibition opened on April 1st and closed on November 3d, being open 
117 days, Sundays included. There were 50,226 exhibitors and 10,200,000 en- 
trances of visitors, and the receipts were about equal to $2,103,675. These 
exhibitors represented thirty different nations, Great Britain occupying 374,656 
superficial feet, or about one-ninth of the entire space allotted to exhibitors. The 
United States was represented by 536 exhibitors, occupying 98,137 square feet. 
As in 1851 and 1862, it is satisfactory to state that the exhibitors from the 
United States secured the largest percentage of awards, excepting the awards to 
France herself. These prizes were as follows: 

Grand Prizes 5 

Artists' Medal 1 

Gold Medals". 18 

Silver Medals 76 

Bronze Medals 98 

Honorable Mentions ". ■ ... . 93 

Total awards 291 

A new order of recompense was established "for persons, establishments or 
localities, which, by organization or special institutions, have developed harmony 
among co-operators, and produced in. an eminent degree the material, moral and 
intellectual well-being of the workmen." Of this order, two came to this countrv; 

I. For the United States Agricultural Society of Vineland, N. J., and in 
addition an honorable mention. 

II. William C. Chapin, Lawrence, Mass., and in addition the grand prize, a 
gold medal of the value of 1,000 francs and 900 francs in gold. 

ARTISTS' MEDAL. 
F. E. Church, New York, and 500 francs in gold. 

GRAND PRIZES 

Were awarded to Cyrus W. Field, transatlantic cable; David E. Hughes, New 
York, printing telegraph; C. H. McCormick, Chicago, reaping machines. By a 
decree of the emperor, Mr. McCormick was created Chevalier of the Imperial 
Order of the Legion of Honor. Also to the United States Sanitary Commission. 

OPINION OF MR. BECKWITH. 

Hon. N. M. Beckwith, United States Commissioner General to the World's 
Fair Paris 1867, in his preface to a general survey of the exposition, remarks as 
follows: 

The high position conceded by the verdict of the juries to American industrial products is 
not due in general to graceful design, fertile combinations of pleasing colors, elegant forms, 
elaborate finish, or any of the artistic qualities which cultivate the taste and refine the feelings 
by awakening in the mind a higher sense of beauty, but it is owing to their skillful, direct and 
admirable adaptation to the great wants they are intended to supply, and to the originality and 
fertility of invention which converts the elements and natural forces to the commonest uses, 
multiplying results and diminishing toil. The peculiar and valuable qualities of our products 
will be adapted and reproduced in all parts of Europe, improving the mechanical and industrial 
arts, and it is reasonable to expect and gratifying to believe that the benefits will be reciprocal, 
that our products will in time acquire those tasteful and pleasing qualities which command 
more admiration and find a quicker and better market than the purely useful. 



PARIS, 1867 29 



These remarks were uttered twenty years ago, and that is our position to-day. 
It is admitted by the whole world, as seen in the results of later world's fairs, that 
the progress of the United States in liberal and decorative arts has been unequaled 
by any other nation, and where we were once dependent upon France, England 
and Germany, we are now in a position to come successfully in competition with 
these nations in many branches of the liberal arts, as will doubtless be shown at 
the World's Fair Chicago 1893. 

VISITS OF WORKMEN. 

The British government, fully impressed with the value of this exposition as 
a school of instruction, made arrangements for the transportation and accommoda 
tion of a large number of workingmen, who were specially selected, and who at a 
later date made very full and interesting reports on all branches of industry. The 
estimated expense for trip to Paris and return, with one week's living in Paris, 
was fixed at .£.3, or $15. It was at this time that Thomas Cook, the well-known 
excursionist, established for himself and son that world-wide reputation so well 
deserved. He carried 20,000 visitors from England to Pans in 1867. 

From returns sent in by the principal railways, there was an evident increase 
of travel from England to France of 135,690 passengers over the previous year. 

The most important matter connected with the World's Fair Paris 1867 was 
the following official action taken at the close of the exhibition, at a meeting com- 
posed of the representatives of the most prominent nations : 

FUTURE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS. 

The undersigned, foreign commissioners, having considered the great importance of con- 
tinuing international exhibitions, and the necessity of increasing their practical utility to arts 
sciences and industry, have formed the following opinions,on the subject of the management of 
future international exhibitions, which they record unofficially, before leaving Paris. 

I. 

That as the usefulness of international exhibitions does not depend on their size, but on 
their selections and quality, so the tendency to increase the size of each succeeding exhibition 
should be discouraged. 

II. 

That it is desirable that future exhibitions should be held in rotation in various capitals. 



That the country inviting the exhibition to be held should provide at its own risk a suitable 
building completely finished in all respects, provided with all conveniences for unloading and 
loading, and supplied perhaps with sufficient glass cases. 



That before any code of general regulations for the management of exhibitions be promul- 
gated, the commissioners of each nation occupying a given amount of space be assembled to 
discuss them, each nation having one representative or an equal number of representatives, but 
that country inviting the exhibition should have a veto on the decisions, and the power of 
limiting the extent of the exhibition and the number of classes to be shown. 



That in order to promote the comparison of objects, the general principle of the arrange- 
ment be rather by classes than by nationalities. 



30 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



VI. 

That no objects be removed out of the exhibition for the purposes of sale, and that means 
be taken to prevent its becoming a fair or bazaar. 

VII. 

That the number of classes adopted in the present Paris exhibition be greatly increased in 
future exhibitions. 

VIII. 

That no prizes of any kind be awarded, but that reports on every class be made and 
signed by an international jury, which reports should be published during the exhibition, and as 
soon as possible after the opening. 

IX. 

That each country, in every case in which it has exhibitors, be free to send one reporter for 
each class. 

[Signed] Henry Cole, Executive Commissioner for the United Kingdom. 

Schaeffer, Commissioner for Austria. 
Herzog, Commissioner for Prussia. 
R. De Thal, Commissioner for Russia. 
Chiavarina, Commissaire General d'ftalie. 
N. M. Beck with, Commissioner General for the United States. 

The great experience and high standing of all these gentlemen give this 
opinion great weight, and it has had serious influence in the general management 
of all subsequent exhibitions. 

In 1S65 an international exhibition was again held in Dublin, and, like the 
former one in 1853, owed its existence to the liberality of a private citizen, Sir 
Benjamin Lee Guinness. The building of iron and glass was opened on May 9th 
by the Prince of Wales, in the presence of some 10,000 spectators, and was closed 
six months from that date, having been kept open 159 days and fifty-one evenings, 
the total number of admissions being nearly 1,000,000. As in 1853, this exhibition 
was specially noted for its collection of magnificent works of art, of which many 
were secured by the British government. 




VIENNA, 1873. 31 



CHAPTER V. 

WORLD'S FAIR VIENNA 1873. 

The first proposition to hold an international exhibition in Vienna, 1873, is 
said to have originated with the Board of Trade of that city, a very wealthy and 
influential organization, of which Baron Weitheimer, manufacturer of soaps, was 
the president. A guarantee fund of 3,000,000 florins ($1,500,000) being raised 
principally through the Board of Trade, the government was induced to take an 
active part in the matter, and to announce, May 24, 1870, that an international 
exhibition would be held in Vienna in 1873, having for its object to represent the 
present state of modern civilization and the entire sphere of national economy, and 
to promote its further devolopment and progress. An imperial commission was 
named, consisting of 170 members, selected from the chief officers of the depart- 
ments of the government, and from the leading men of science, art and industry in 
the empire, especially of those who had taken part in former international 
exhibitions, and who had gained honor and distinction in their resjjective spheres 
of duty. The Arch Duke Charles Louis was named as the protector and the Arch 
Duke Regnier the president, and the general arrangement and direction of the 
whole work was placed in the hands of the Baron William von Schwarz-Senborn 
in January, 1871- The government advanced the sum of 6,000,000 florins 
($3,000,000) as a loan without interest, to be returned out of the income. 

FOREIGN COMMISSIONERS. 

The importance attached to this, the first international exhibition in Austria 
and the fifth in the world by the principal nations, is well shown by the character 
of the commissioners appointed. In each of the European nations the most gifted 
and eminent men were selected to do honor to the occasion. At no previous exhi- 
bition had there been such an array of names of men distinguished as statesmen, 
philosophers or leaders in the industrial world. The Prince of Wales was at the 
head of the British commission, which comprised among its members Sir Andrew 
Buchanan, the Duke of Teck, the Marquis of Ripon, Baron Rothschild and others. 
It was during this world's fair that Mr. Owen, now Sir Philip Cunliffe Owen, won 
his first laurels as an efficient administrator in all that had to do with the world's 
fair, and whose reputation must certainly be recognized by those who had the 
pleasure of his acquaintance at the World's Fair Philadelphia 1876. 

LOCATION. 

The place selected for the Vienna World's Fair was the Prater, a park and 
the most popular place of resort in the city. Advantage was taken of this oppor- 
tunity to dredge the river Danube and use the gravel thus obtained for the exhibi- 



32 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



tion site. Half a million cubic meters of gravel were thus used, employing 650 
men and 350 carts. The total area of the ground enclosed bv the fence was 
nearly 280 acres. 

Prof. Win. P. Blake, in his most complete and exhaustive report of the Vienna 
World's Fair, corroborates the evidence and experience of previous exhibitions as 
regards size, and comments as follows: 

Great extent of an exhibition may be a positive blemish, and detract from its usefulness. 
If very large, they are unwieldly and distracting. These defects are particularly evidf nt when 
the classification and arrangement are faulty. The general criticism upon the Vienna exhibition 
was, " It is too large." It was inconveniently so, and the defect was increased by the want of 
system in placing the objects shown. 

Mr. Le Play, director general of the World's Fair Paris 1867, does not think 
there would be necessity for over 200 acres area. 

BUILDINGS. 

The main building consisted of a central nave 2,953 feet long, 83 feet 8 inches 
wide, and 73 feet 10 inches high, with sixteen intercepting transepts each 573 feet 
6 inches long, 57 feet wide and 41 feet high, and a rotunda or dome in the center, 
354 feet in diameter, being the largest in the world at that time. The nave where 
it met the rotunda, divided and formed a circular aisle about it; the great central 
transept intersecting the middle of this aisle was of the same height and width as 
the nave. The two transepts upon each end of the main building were connected 
by facades, thus forming inclosed courts or gardens. The plan adopted for the 
main building was entitled the "grid-iron form," as will be seen in the plate sub- 
mitted herewith. This arrangement was adopted partly on account of light and 
partly to facilitate the examination of exhibits, as visitors could easily find their way 
from one country to another, these countries being placed as nearly as possible to 
correspond with the jDOsitions occupied upon a mercatorial projection of the world. 
The chief architect was Mr. Charles Hasenaur. The rotunda was constructed 
from designs supplied by Mr. John Scott Russell, of England. The superstruc- 
ture of this building was supported upon piles capped with timber. 

The machinery hall was 2,625 feet long and 164 feet wide. Within this 
great building, which had a floor space of 40,000 square meters, or nearly ten 
acres, were collected many thousands of exhibits, embracing every known variety 
of machinery; the Vienna World's Fail" 1873 having brought together the most 
completely satisfactory exhibition of industrial processes, apparatus and products 
that had been attempted up to that date. The machinery hall was traversed from 
end to end by two aisles, dividing the machinery in motion, which was distributed 
along the middle line of the building from that which did not require motive 
power, and which was arranged on each side. The visitor walking through this, 
found on either side, for a distance of half a mile, an unbroken mass of machinery 
of every class, of all degrees of magnitude, and of every conceivable variety of 
style, material, workmanship and finish. It was estimated that to thoroughly 
examine the department of machinery alone would require more than forty days' 
work of ten hours each. 

The art building was east of the main building, 100 feet wide by 600 feet 
long, with a large corridor at the center of sides and ends for the exhibition of 
statuary. The building was of brick with stucco finish outside. The inside was 



VIENNA, 1873. 33 



divided into suitable galleries and studios, and was well lighted from the roof. In 
addition to the art building proper, there were open wooden pavilions connecting 
either end of Art Hall, extending 400 feet, with circular return of 700 feet in 
length to the triumphal arch, which completed the eastern end of the series of 
principal buildings. 

The department of agriculture was confined to three large frame buildings, 
covering about six acres. Total area of Vienna World's Fair, 286 acres. 

The total cost of all the official buildings of the Vienna World's Fair 1873 
was estimated by Prof. Blake at $7,850,000. 

One of the most attractive features of this exhibition were the various buildings 
erected by other nations in their different styles of architecture, comprising Persian, 
Turkish, Egyptian, Japanese, Roumanian, Styrian, Swiss, Russian, Kirgish, Sclav, 
Moorish, French, German, American, Bohemian, Italian, Polish and English, all 
scattered among woodland scenery and of a wonderful variety in character. 

EXHIBITORS. 

The exhibits were classified into twenty-six groups, following nearly the plan 
of the divisions in the great exhibitions of London and Paris. The industries of 
nearly all the world were represented. The total number of exhibitors was esti- 
mated at 70,000. Of this number the United States was represented by only 654, 
according to the official catalogue. 

The awards were as follows: 

I. Diplomas of Honor. 

II. Medals for Progress. 

III. Honorable Mention. 

IV. Medals of Merit. 

V. Medals for Good Taste. 
VI. Fine Arts Medal. 
VII. Medals Awarded to Workmen. 

The 654 exhibitors from the United States secured of these awards four 
hundred and forty-two, showing the average of former exhibits well kept up. 
These awards were distributed as follows: 

Diplomas of Honor 9 

Medals of Progress 72 

Honorable Mention 154 

Medals of Merit 177 

Medals for Good Taste 5 

Fine Arts Medals 16 

Medals for Co-operation 9 

Workmen's Medals and Diplomas. 5 

UNITED STATES EXECUTIVE COMMISSION. 



H. Garretson, Chief Commissioner. 
Thomas McElrath, New York. 
Lewis Seasongood, Ohio. 
Eben Brewer, Secretary. 



34 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



Prof. R. H. Thurston, the able and efficient editor of the United States 
Reports on the Vienna Exhibition, in his preface remarks as follows: 

It is a subject of congratulation, and will be a source of real pleasure to every citizen of the 
United States, that foreign criticisms are so generally favorable. They are even, in fact, more 
favorable than they at first glance might appear. In reading them, it is to be remembered that 
the foreign writers, born and bred in distant countries, under influences with which the citizen 
of tie United States is unfamiliar, and from which he is fortunately free, accustomed to habits 
of thought, and familiar with methods which are equally strange to those whose works he criti- 
cises, viewing the subject of his criticism from an entirely different standpoint, and through a 
medium of very different hue, must necessarily be placed at some disadvantage. He cannot be 
expected to see the real value of American methods or of American productions taken apart 
from the peculiar circumstances which have brought them into existence. * * * It is to be 
remarked that the views of European reporters are generally favorable in tone. It seems 
evident that there exists among the influential classes of Europe, as well as among those less 
favored, a feeling of decidedly friendly prejudice which even the radical differences of circum- 
stances and training alluded to above has not seriously repressed. 

VISITORS. 

In reference to visitors, note should be taken of the report of Mr. Charles 
Hagen, Inspector Metropolitan Police, London, who remained in charge of the 
British department of the World's Fair Vienna 1873. Mr. Hagen states: 

The number of visitors who paid at the doors, exclusive of season-ticket holders, amounts d 
according to official returns, to 3,492 622, from which the sum of 1,983,439 florins was received in 
payment. The above numbers, averaging only 18,779 visitors for each of the 186 days of the 
exhibition, are certainly below what might have reasonably been expected. This was due, no 
doubt, to causes some of which are beyond the zone of my observation, but the fact is potent to 
everyone, that many causes were at work to seriously affect the number of visitors. I would 
point out chiefly the reckless rapacity with which, from the 1st of May, lodging houses and hotel 
keepers advanced their prices at least 100 per cent., a proceeding which, when exposed by the 
foreign press, not only deterred intending visitors from far-off countries, but, what was far more 
serious, prevented great numbers of the middle classes in Germany and Austria from under- 
taking the journey to which thousands had looked forward with pleasure. This is ever to be 
regretted, as the social success as well as the financial interests of the exhibition were thereby 
seriously damaged. The above cause for a diminished attendance lies at the door of Vienna 
and its inhabitants; but there was another cause attributable to the same motives. This was the 
system of handing over the lavatories, chairs and other conveniences for visitors to contractors, 
who, having to pay enormous sums for these concessions, naturally enough left no means 
untried to obtain as large a return as possible for their outlay ; hence, in the course of a visit of 
a family to the exhibition, the charges on this account during the day would sometimes amount 
to a total which would have to be taken into serious consideration before a second visit. 

Edward Everett Hale, one of the best practical thinkers of this century, thus 
gives his views in reference to the Vienna World's Fair: 

It is, however, clear that the great interest of such an exhibition is in the opportunity to 
compare the work of one country against that of another. Every effort should be made, there- 
fore, on the one hand to facilitate the arrival of foreign contributions, and on the other hand to 
restrict fairly mere multiplication of specimens by home exhibitors. To facilitate and encourage 
foreign exhibitors, the exhibiting nation can do much, and the foreign nations also. Our own 
government sent articles for the exhibition freight free to Trieste. So far all was made easy 
to contributors. The very freedom and ease of sending to Vienna tempted countless quacks 
to send their humbugs to the show, and in the same proportion the judicious have refrained. It 
becomes to a considerable extent an advertising display. The American exhibition at Vienna 
is full of quackeries, advertising themselves at the cost of the nation, and this cannot be avoided 
unless the collection of exhibits is made up on a system, as was so thoroughly done by the 
Japanese government. It is for such reasons that the Vienna exhibition is certainly too large 



VIENNA. 1873. 35 



If it is a specimen of the world, one wants a smaller museum made which may be a specimen of 
the exhibition. The study of those who arrange any future international exhibition must be, 
not to make it large, for that will probably care for itself, but to keep it properly small. It must 
be so indexed and catalogued and so arranged, that the visitor can know what there is in it and 
how to turn to every object in the shortest time. This is not possible at Vienna, because the 
exhibition is too large. * * * 

Dr. Hale continues with the following suggestions bearing upon the Centennial 
Exhibition. He is writing in 1873 : 

It seems to be required that at the very outset it shall be determined how much space in 
the exhibition shall be given to the products of America. The experience of other countries 
seems to show that if one half of the building is devoted to our own products, the other half can 
be well filled with foreign products, and that the comparison then to be made of their work and 
ours will be as instructive as interesting. If some such rule is made at the beginning and held 
to, it will be possible to exclude w'ork w;hich after all will come under the category of patch- 
work bed quilt at a cattle show. It will be evident that there is an absolute limit, which cannot 
be passed over under any stress of fear or favor. More than this, it ought to be in the power of 
the directors to say how much of this space could be well devoted to the principal lines of 
product of the country. How much, for instance, to machinery, how much to other manufac- 
tures of iron, how much to leather manufactures, how much to textile fabrics, and so on. The 
first determination on this subject need not be so unyielding as the other, but still there must be 
a plan regarding it, and the public must from the beginning encourage the directors in holding 
sternly to their one plan in regard to it. 

The actual experiments in agriculture took place at a long distance from the 
exhibition buildings. Three hundred and five acres were appropriated for the 
trials of the reapers and mowers, 200 were reserved for steam plowing, and 110 
acres for the trials of the ordinary plows. For testing mowing machines, there 
were available 80 acres of rye, 40 acres of wheat, 40 acres of barley, 12 acres of 
grass, and 90 acres of clover. For threshing and winnowing machines there were 
provided 64,000 sheaves of rye, 32,000 sheaves of wheat, and the same quantity of 
barlev. 




3G WORLD'S FAIRS. 



CHAPTER VI. 
WORLD'S FAIR PHILADELPHIA 1876. 

The approach of the Centennial Anniversary of our independence as a nation, 
naturally suggested to many minds some proper method of celebration. Historians, 
authors, statesmen each had their ideas upon this important subject. It was sug- 
gested that orations and poems should be delivered in every city, town, village and 
hamlet in the United States; others proposed that there should be a great display 
of our military power, including the United States troops and the State Militia all 
over the country ; again it was suggested that the day should be devoted to athletic 
games, regattas, ball games, horse racing, etc., etc., closing with a grand displav of 
pyrotechnics. Some counsellors advised that each State should have, at some cen- 
tral point, an exhibition of its own products and manufactures. It is a satisfaction 
to the compiler of this work that eleven years jDrior to the World's Fair in Phila- 
delphia, he proposed the organization of an International Exhibition, with a view 
of comparing our own national progress in arts, manufactures and products, with 
the advance of other nations in these same lines. This suggestion appeared in print 
in 1866, and was at once combatted by some of the leading minds of our country; 
such men as Charles Sumner, John Jay and John Bigelow, strange as it may seem, 
agreed unanimously in the belief that the monarchical governments of Europe would 
not consent to take any part in an exhibition which was to be the celebration of our 
own rebellion from the authority of Great Britain. In an interview with the 
writer, Chas. Sumner made the statement that there was no more likelihood of 
Great Britain sending an exhibit at that time than there would be of the writer 
flying out of the window. Unfortunately, Mr. Sumner's death prevented his wit- 
nessing the action on the part of Great Britain, which insured the largest and most 
attractive section of the foreign department of the Centennial. Notwithstanding 
the influence and power of many of these prominent men, and a steady objection on 
the part of a large section of the press of this country, it was at last decided that 
the best method of celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of our Indepen- 
dence should be the following out of the suggestion of the writer, to have an Inter- 
national exhibition of products, arts and manufacturers in this country. 

Naturally there was a claim on the part of many cities for the location of this 
great enterprise. Boston relied upon its Puritan ancestry and the battles of Lex- 
ington and Bunker Hill, and felt that she was entitled to the honor of the cele- 
bration. New York with its great power, its central position and its able 
statesmen, claimed for itself this privilege, but Philadelphia, the birth-place of Inde- 
pendence, where those men who in the days of trial and trouble prepared that 
grand document which is to-day our charter and the keystone of our prosperity, had 
but to set forth her claims, when public acclamation from all sections of the United 



PHILADELPHIA, 1876. 37 



States agreed that the Quaker city was the only place that justly could be selected 
for the proper commemoration of the great work which originated within its lines. 
In 1S71 Congress passed the following resolution: 

THE ACT CREATING THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

An Act to provide for celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence, 
by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and 
Mine, in the City of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred 
and seventy-six. 

Whereas, The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America was prepared, 
signed, and promulgated in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in the City of Philadel- 
phia; and whereas it behooves the people of the United States to celebrate, by appropriate cere- 
monies, the centennial anniversary of this memorable and decisive event, which constituted the 
fourth day of July, Anno Domini, seventeen hundred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation ; 
and whereas it is deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our national existence 
shall be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their devel- 
opment, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of 
older nations; and whereas no place is so appropriate for such an exhibition as the city in which 
occured the event it is designed to commemorate, and whereas as the exhibition should be a 
national celebration, in which the people of the whole country should participate, it should have 
the santion of the Congress of the United States: therefore, 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of American and foreign arts, products, and 
manufactures shall be held, under the auspices of the government of the United States, in the 
City of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

Section 2. That a Commission, to consist of not more than one delegate from each State, 
and from each Territory of the United States, whose functions shall continue until the close of 
the exhibition, shall be constituted, whose duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execu- 
tion of a plan for holding the exhibition ; and after conference with the authorities of the City of 
Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate limits of the said city, where the 
exhibition shall be held. 

Section 3. The said Commissioners shall be appointed within one year from the passage 
of this Act, by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the governors of the 
States and Territories respectively. 

Section 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed one Commissioner from 
each State and Territory of the United States, who shall assume the place and perform the 
duties of such Commissioner and Commissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the 
Commission. 

Section 5. That the Commission shall hold its meetings in the City of Philadelphia, and 
that a majority of its members shall have full power to make all needful rules for its government. 

Section 6. That the Commission shall report to Congress, at the first session after its ap- 
pointment, a suitable date for opening and for closing the exhibition; a schedule of appropriate 
ceremonies for opening or dedicating the same ; a plan or plans of the buildings ; a complete plan 
for the reception and classification of articles intended for exhibition ; the requisite custom-house 
regulations for the introduction into this country of the articles from foreign countries intended 
for exhibition ; and such other matters as in their judgment may be important. 

Section 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to the Commissioners or other 
officers provided by this Act from the Treasury of the United States; and the United States shall 
not be liable for any expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason of the same. 

Section 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State 
of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the pur- 
pose, and for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided for of the proposed 



WORLDS FAIRS. 



exhibition, the President shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, 
setting forth the time at which the exhibition will open and the place at which it will be held; 
and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, to- 
gether with such regulations as may be adopted by the Commissioners, for publication in their 
respective countries. 

Approved March jrd, iSyi. 

This bill was approved by the President of the United States Government; 
and it became a law. During the year 1871 he appointed the commissioners, provided 
for by Act of Congress, as follows: 

ALABAMA JAMES L. COOPER. 

ARIZONA j RICHARD C. McCORMICK, 

j JOHN WASSON. 

ARKANSAS i GEO. W. LAWRENCE, 

I GEO. E. DODGE. 

CALIFORNIA. .... j JOHN DUNBAR CREIGH, 

| BENJ. P. KOOSER. 

COLORADO \ J.MARSHALL PAUL, 

| N. C. MEEKER. 

CONNECTICUT \ JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, 

( WM. PHIPS BLAKE. 

DAKOTA I J. A. BURBANK, 

( SOLOMON L. SPINK. 

DELAWARE 1 HENRY F. ASKEW, 

( JOHN H. RODNEY. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA i J A] ^ES E DKXTER, 

( LAWRENCE A. GOBRIGHT. 

FLORIDA \ J° HN s - ADAMS, 
" ' | J. T. BERNARD. 

GEORGIA 3 GEORGE HILLYER, 

GEORGIA { RICHARD PET ERS,Jr. 

TDAPrn * THOMAS DONALDSON, 

IDAHO JC.W. MOORE. 

lTTTMC>T<i \ FREDERICK L.MATTHEWS, 

ILLINOIS j LAWRENCE WELDON. 

tjvdtana i JOHN L. CAMPBELL, 

- ( FRANKLIN c JOHNSON. 

rnlvA j ROBERT LOWRY, 

I COKER F. CLARKSON. 

KANSAS ■ \ JOHN A. MARTIN, 

-j GEORGE A . CRAWFORD. 

ifKNTTTnfV ! ROBERT MALLORY, 

KENTUCKY -j SMITH M HOBBS . 

LOUISIANA \ J° HN LYNCH. 

^^ ° j EDWARD PENINGTON. 

MAINE S JOSHUA NYE, 

mAiivn. ^ CHARLES P. KIMBALL. 

MARYLAND \ JAMES T. EARLE, 

maki i^aivu j s M _ SHOEMAKER . 

i\,r aoo ArrTTT<zj?T'r<z \ GEORGE B. LORING, 

MA^ACMUSJil is j WILLIAM B. SPOONER. 

MTCTITGAN < I AMES BIRNEY, 

Mi^ni^Aiv | CLAUDIUS B.GRANT. 

,,,.., rz , CA17 , , ( T. FLETCHER WILLIAMS, 

MINNESOTA j WILLIAM W. FOLWELL. 

Mississippi j g;g; FRO s? H ' 

MISSOURI i J° HN McNEIL - 

MISSOURI J SAM tjel HAYS. 

MnMTATJA S T- P- WOOLMAN, 

MONTANA PATRICK A. LARGEY. 



PHILADELPHIA, 1876. 



NEBRASKA 

NE VADA 

XE U ' HAMPSHIRE 

NE W JERSEY 

NEW MEXICO 

NEW YORK 

NORTH CAROLINA 

OHIO 

OREGON 

PENNSTL VANIA 

RHODE ISLAND 

SOUTH CAROLINA 

TENNESSEE 

TEXAS 

UTAH 

VERMONT 

VIRGINIA 

WASHING TON TERRITOR T 

WEST VIRGINIA 

WISCONSIN 

WTOMING 



HENRY S. MOODY, 
R. W. FURNAS. 

WM. WIRT McCOY, 
JAMES W. HAINES. 
EZEKIEL A. STRAW, 
ASA P. CATE. 
ORESTES CLEVELAND, 
JOHN G. STEVENS. 
ELDRIDGE W. LITTLE, 
STEPHEN B. ELKINS. 
N: M. BECKWITH, 
CHARLES H. MARSHALL. 
SAMUEL F. PHILLIPS, 
JONATHAN W. ALBERTSON. 
ALFRED T. GOSHORN, 
WILSON W. GRIFFITH. 
JAMES W. VIRTUE, 
ANDREW J. DUFUR. 

DANIEL J. MORRELL, 
ASA PACKER. 
GEORGE H. CORLISS, 
R,. C. TAFT. 
WILLIAM GURNEY, 
ARCHIBALD CAMERON. 
THOMAS H. COLDWELL, 
WILLIAM F. PROSSER. 

WILLIAM HENRY PARSONS, 
JOHN C. CHEW. 
JOHN H. WICKIZER, 
WM. HAYDON. 
MIDDLETON GOLDSMITH, 
HENRY CHASE. 

F. W. M. HOLLIDAY, 
EDMUND R. BAGWELL. 
ELWOOD EVANS. 
ALEXANDER S. ABERNETHY. 
ALEX. R. BOTELER, 
ANDREW J. SWEENEY. 
DAVID ATWOOD, 
EDWARD D. HOLTON. 
JOS. M. CAREY, 
ROBERT H. LAMBORN. 



The organization as completed for 1876, was as follows: 



Vice-Presidents 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

President Joseph R. Hawley. 

Orestes Cleveland. 

John D. Creigh. 

Robert Lowry. 

Thomas H. Coldwell. 

John McNeil. 
. William Gurney. 

Director-General Alfred T. Goshorn. 

Secretary John L. Campbell. 

Counsellor and Solicitor John L. Shoemaker, Esq. 

In order to provide the neccessary funds for the exhibition, Congress, on the 
first of June, 1872, adopted a bill creating a Centennial Board of Finance, which 



40 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



was authorized to issue stock in shares of ten dollars each, the 
issued not to exceed ten millions of dollars. 



hole amount 



CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 

President John Welsh. 

... „ . , , I William Sellers. 

J tee- Presidents \ 

( John S. Barbour. 

Secretary and Treasurer Frederick Fraley. 

Auditor H. S. Lansing. 

DIRECTORS. 

Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia. John Baird, Philadelphia. 

Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia. Thomas H. Dudley, New Jersey. 

Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia. A. S. Hewitt, New York. 

Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia. William L. Strong, New York. 

N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia. John Cummings, Massachusetts. 

James M. Robb, Philadelphia. John Gorham, Rhode Island. 

Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia. Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania. 

John Wanamaker, Philadelphia. William Bigler, Pennsylvania. 

John Price Wetherill, Philadelphia. Robert M. Patton, Alabama. 

Henry Winsor, Philadelphia. J. B. Drake, Illinois. 

Amos R. Little, Philadelphia. George Bain, Missouri. 

Financial Agent William Bigler. 

Secretary Bureau of Revenue C. B. Norton. 

For the preliminary working expenses, the city of Philadelphia donated the 
sum of $50,000. Officers were selected and experienced aid secured, one of the 
first steps being to facilitate the distribution of proper information to the press of 
the United States. On the third of July, 1873, the President issued the following 
proclamation: 



PROCLAMATION BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Whereas by the Act of Congress approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, 
providing for a National Celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the Independence of 
the United States, by the holding of an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Pro- 
ducts of the Soil and Mine, in the City of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and 
seventy-six, it is provided as follows: 

" That whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of Pennsyl- 
vania, that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and 
for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided for of the proposed Exhibition, the 
President shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting forth 
the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place at which it will be held; and he shall 
communicate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, together with 
such regulations as may be adopted by the commissioners, for publication in their respective 
countries;" 

And whereas, His Excellency the Governor of the said State of Pennsylvania did, on the 
twenty-fourth day of June, eighteen hundred and seventy-three, inform me that provision has 
been made for the erection of said buildings and for the exclusive control by the Commission 
provided for in the said act of the proposed Exhibition; 

And whereas, the President of the United States Centennial Commission has officially in- 
formed m'e of the dates fixed for the opening and closing of the said Exhibition, and the place at 
which it is to be held ; 

Now, therefore, be it known that I, Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States, in 
conformity with the provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid, do hereby declare and proclaim 
that there will be held, at the City of Philadelphia, in the State oi Pennsylvania, an Inter- 



PHILADELPHIA, 1876. 41 



national Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be opened on 
the nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini, eighteen hundred and seventy-six, and to be closed 
on the nineteenth day of October, in the same year. 

And in the interest of peace, civilization and domestic and international friendship and 
intercourse, I commend the celebration and Exhibition to the people of the United States; and 
in behalf of this Government and people, I cordially commend them to all nations who may be 
pleased to take part therein. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States 
to be affixed. 

Done at the City of Washington, this third day of July, one thousand eight hundred 
[Seal] and seventy-three, and of the Independence of the United States the ninety- 

seventh. 

U. S. Grant. . 
By the President: 

Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, 

By instructions from the President, the Secretary of State issued the following 
notice to foreign governments: 

NOTE TO FOREIGN MINISTERS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Department of State, Washington, July 5, 1873. 

Sir: I have the honor to inclose, for the information of the Government of a copy 

of the President's Proclamation, announcing the time and place of holding an International 
Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, proposed to be held in the 
year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

The Exhibition is designed to commemorate the Declaration of the Independence of the 
United States, on the one hundredth anniversary of that interesting and historic national event, 
and at the same time to present a fitting opportunity for such display of the results of Art and 
Industry of all nations as will serve to illustrate the great advances attained, and the successes 
achieved, in the interest qf Progress and Civilization during the century which will have then 
closed. 

In the law providing for the holding of the Exhibition, Congress directed that copies of the 
Proclamation of the President, setting forth the time of its opening and the place at which it was 
to be held, together with such regulations as might be adopted by the Commissioners of the 
Exhibition, should be communicated to the Diplomatic Representatives of all nations. Copies 
of those regulations are herewith transmitted. 

The President indulges the hope that the Government of will be pleased to notice the 

subject and may deem it -proper to bring the Exhibition and its objects to the attention of the people of 
that country, and thus encourage their co-operation in the proposed celebration. And hejurther hopes 
that the opportunity afforded by the Exhibition for the interchange of national sentiment and friendly 
intercourse between the people of both nations may result in new and still 'greater advantages to 
Science and Industry, and at the same time serve to strengthen the bonds of peace and friend- 
ship which already happily subsist between the Government and people of and those of 

the United States. 

I have the honor to be, sir, with the highest consideration, 

Your obedient servant, 

Hamilton Fish, 

Secretary of State. 

To the surprise of those writers who had contended that there would be no 
exhibits from abroad, there was shown a universal desire on the part of all nations 
to co-operate liberally in the World's Fair of 1876. These different governments 
appropriated large sums of money, selected as commissioners men of the highest 



42 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



standing, loaned to the exhibition their most valuable works of art, and in every sense 
indicated a desire on the part of the Old World to forget the past and to unite 
itself closely with the future of the New. Singular as it may seem, there was no 
disposition on the part of Congress to facilitate and aid in carrying out this grand 
enterprise. The money had to be raised by private subscription, from all sections 
of the United States, and it was only by a determined and persistent effort with 
Congress that at last a government loan was secured of $1,500,000, which loan 
has been called up by the government and repaid since that time. The City of 
Philadelphia appropriated $1,000,000, and the State of Pennsylvania $1,500,000, 
and all other states, notably New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, New Hamp- 
shire, etc., subscribed to the stock issued by the Centennial Board of Finance. 

SITE AND BUILDINGS. 

In 1873, the location so well known as Fairmount Park was selected for the 
exposition, and immediate possession given by the City of Philadelphia, free from 
all expense or charge, and who also liberally contributed to the success of the World's 
Fair 1876 by the erection of two magnificent bridges over the Schuylkill at a cost of 
over $2,500,000, in addition to the various improvements made in Fairmount Park. 
This location, about three miles from the city, comprised 450 acres, of which 236 
acres were surrounded by a fence, and included the various buildings designed 
for exhibition purposes. These buildings were as follows: Main building, cover- 
ing an area of 870,464 square feet; Machinery Hall, covering an area of 504,720 
square feet; Art Building, covering 76,650 square feet floor space and 88,869 square 
feet wall space; Horticultural Hall, 350 feet long, 160 feet broad and 65 feet in 
height; Agricultural Building, covering 117,760 square feet ; Women's Department 
Building, 208 feet long and 208 feet broad. 

The United States government added to the interest of this exhibition by the 
appointment of a special commission and the apjDropriation of a sum of money 
$728,500, to represent the condition of the different departments of the govern- 
ment at that period. Prof. Wm. P. Blake, of New York, had charge of the United 
States mineral exhibit, and was also chairman of the committee on classification. 

A board of United States government officials was appointed as follows: 

War Department — Col. C. S. Lyford, U. S. A., President. 
Treasury Department — Hon. R. W. Tyler. 
Navy Department — Admiral T. A. Jenkins, U. S. N. 
Interior Department — John Eaton, Esq. 
Postoffice Department — Dr. Chas. F. Macdonald. 
Agricultural Department — Wm. Saunders, Esq. 
Smithsonian Institute — Prof. S. F Baird. 
Mr. William A. de Caindry, Secretary. 

EXHIBITORS. • 

The total number of exhibitors at the World's Fair 1876 was estimated at 
30,864, the United States heading the list with 8,175 ; Spain and her colonies, 
3,822; Great Britain and colonies, 3,584; and Portugal, 2462. It is a curious fact 
to notice that Spain and Portugal, the two nations so closely connected with the 




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PHILADELPHIA, 1876. 43 



early history of our country, should have been such prominent exhibitors. These 
exhibitors 'were distinguished in the different departments as follows: 

United States. Total. 

1. Mining and Metallurgy 644 2,129 

2. Manufactures 2,246 8,760 

3. Education and Science 381 2,490 

4. Art 1,784 4,900 

5. Machinery 1,606 2,260 

6. Agriculture 1,474 10,217 

7. Horticulture 40 108 

Total 8,175 30,864 

In this connection, and as a conclusive answer to the theory that Great Britain 
would permit any influence to interfere with a co-operation with this country in 
presenting the progress of the world in all branches of art and industry, would 
make the following references. The Duke of Richmond, in his report upon the 
Philadelphia World's Fair, says as follows : 

* * * It therefore affords me peculiar satisfaction to know that the action of your 
Majesty's government, and that of the Indian and colonial governments, and the efforts of our 
exhibitors have been most successful in cementing the bonds of union between the two nations. 

Sir Edward Thornton, British minister, in a letter from the foreign office, 
speaks strongly as to the good feeling between the two countries, resulting from 
the part taken by Great Britain at this exhibition ; and the United States commis- 
sioners unhesitatingly admit that much of the success of the exhibition was due to 
the assistance and countenance given to the enterprise by Her Majesty's govern- 
ment and the British exhibitors from the United Kingdom and from her colonies. 

The British commission for the World's Fair 1876 was composed as follows. 

SPECIAL COMMISSIONER. 
The Right Honorable Sir Edward Thornton, K. C. B. 

HONORARY COMMISSIONERS. 

Charles E. V. Cortright, by British consul, Philadelphia. 
Anthony J. Drexel, Esq., Philadelphia. 
George W. Childs, Esq., Philadelphia. 

EXECUTIVE COMMISSIONERS. 

Col. Sir Herbert Sanford, R. A. 
Prof. Wm. C. Archer. 

A. J. R. Trendell, Secretary. 

Lord Dufferin, the Governor General of Canada, visited Philadelphia during 
the World's Fair, and on his return to Ottawa used these words in replying to an 
address presented by that corporation : 

* * * Indeed I may say I am never allowed to enter the United States without being 
made to feel with what kindly feelings we are regarded by that great people, whose own extra" 
ordinary development is one of the marvels of the age. 

In May, 1875, Sir Herbert Sanford, Mr. Cunliffe Owen and Mr. Cundell, of 
the commission, arrived in Philadelphia and established the headquarters of the 



44 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



commission one year before the opening of the World's Fair. It must be remem- 
bered in this connection that the loan collection of paintings alone, sent from 
England, was insured for $1,000,000, and every visitor of the large number who 
attended the World's Fair 1876 must remember with pleasure the grand painting 
by Frith of the marriage of the Prince of Wales, which was a universal attrac- 
tion, the crowd in front being constantly so great that it was necessary to keep a 
policeman on guard. Mr. Frith, the artist, will recognize in this statement the 
similarity to the fact that at the Academy in London his paintings were such 
favorites that a railing was erected in front of each to guard them from damage. 
The following countries were represented in the World's Fair 1876: 



Argentine 


Republic. 


Denmark. 


Ital?. 




Peru. 


Switzerland. 


Austria. 




Egypt. 


Japan. 




Portugal. 


Tunis. 


Belgium. 




France. 


Mexico. 




Russia. 


Turkey. 


Brazil. 




Germany. 


Morocco. 




Siam. 


United States. 


Canada. 




Great Britain and 


Netherlands 




Siberia. 


Venezuela. 


China. 




Colonies. 


Norway. 




Spain. 




Chili. 




Hawaii. 


Orange Free 
AWARDS. 


State. 


Sweden. 





The method of awards adopted in 1876 differed from that of all previous sys- 
tems. It dispensed with the international jury and substituted a body of judges 
one-half foreign, selected individually for their knowledge and experience. It also 
dispensed with the system of graduated awards, and required of the judges 'written 
reports on the inherent and comparative merits of each product thought worthy of 
an award, setting forth the properties and qualities, presenting the consideration 
forming the ground of the award, and awarding such report by the signature of 
their authors. The medals awarded by the commission were of bronze in shape, 
four inches in diameter, very chaste in appearance, and the largest of the kind ever 
struck in the United States. The engraving was done by Henry Mitchell, of 
Boston, and the medals were struck at the United States mint at Philadelphia. 
These awards of medals were simply as evidence merely of merit and not superior- 
ity, the written reports indicating whose exhibit in each group was preferred by the 
judges. The successful management of the Bureau of Awards, is due to Gen. 
Francis A. Walker, chief of bureau, and his assistants, and the experience thus 
secured cannot but be of great service in all future exhibitions. The total number 
of awards issued at the World's Fair Philadelphia 1876 was 13,104, of which 5,364 
were to American exhibitors, and 7,740 to foreign exhibitors. Gen. Walker in his 
final remarks states that "in spite of objections the American system of awards is, I 
think, fully acknowledged to be a success by all who have seen enough of its work- 
ings to be able to judge of the results, and I think it .will be approved of both at 
home and abroad. The central idea is to give information to the would-be-pur- 
chasers and to the general public through a series of discriminating and descriptive 
reports, instead of making use of tokens like graded medals which convey practic- 
ally no information." 

VISITORS. 

As is well known to those who were present, the arrangements for admission to 
the Centennial were perhaps better than those of any previous World's Fair. There 
were within the fence line 285 acres of space, surrounded 'ly a fence 16,000 feet 



PHILADELPHIA, 1876. 45 

in length. In this fence line there were 106 entrance gates for persons, 17 for 
wagons and 41 exit gates, so placed as to serve the convenience of those using 
them. The 106 gates for admitting persons were divided into classes to correspond 
with the classes of tickets used, as follows: 

Class A — for those persons paying 50 cents. 
Class B — for those holding complimentary tickets. 
Class C — for exhibitors, workmen and attendants. 
Thus there were only two classes of tickets used, the complimentary, a large 
engraved card; and the exhibitors, containing photograph of the holder. 

The exhibition opened on the 10th of May, 1876, and from that time until 
Nov. 10, 1876, there were admitted a grand total of 9,910,966 persons, of whom 
8,004,274 paid admission fees amounting to $3,813,724.49. There were 1,815,617 
entrances of persons connected with the World's Fair, and 91,075 complimentary 
admissions, making a daily average of paid and free of 62,333. The largest num- 
ber admitted on any one day was 274,919, on Pennsylvania day, September 28th. 
The smallest number on May 12th, 1876, 12,720- The largest number passing 
through a single gate, in a single hour, was 1870, or about thirty persons per 
minute. Experience showed the necessity of opening at an early hour and it was 
fixed at 8:30 a. m., and kept open until 7:30 p. m. There was an average 
population residing in the grounds of 571 persons, exclusive of the guards and fire- 
men. Total amount of counterfeit money received at gates was only $1,001.00, in 
total receipts of $3,813,724.49. 

It is estimated that nearly one hundred separate and distinct associations, 
including Religions, Temperance, Military, Masonic, etc., met in Philadelphia 
in the summer of 1876, with a membership of nearly one million. The selection of 
a special day for each state was a great success, and largely increased the number 
of visitors. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

The railroad facilities in Philadelphia were confined to the Pennsylvania 
Central and the Reading roads, and had a capacity for receiving 25,000 or dis- 
patching 10,000 per hour. The heaviest one day's service of both roads was 
244,147. Total number of arrivals and departures by railroad during the World's 
Fair, 5,907,333. Total estimated capacity of all methods as follows: 

By Railroad '. . Hourly 6,250, to 3 p.m. 50,000 Visitors. 

"StreetCars " 12,180, " 107,440 

" Steamboat " 2,500, " 20,000 

" Carriages " 1,000, " 8,000 

Total Hourly 21,930, to 3 p. m. 185,440. 

One important result to the city of Philadelphia from the World's Fair was, 
that it brought to public notice for the first time the character and value of many 
of her citizens, and her appreciation of their services is indicated by the past. John 
Welsh became United States Minister to Great Britain; John Wanamaker, United 
States Postmaster-General; Thomas Cochran, president of the most important 
fiduciary company in Philadelphia; Daniel M. Fox, Controller of .United States 
Mint; Edward T. Steel, President Board of Education, and Edward H. Fitler, 
Mayor of Philadelphia. 



40 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



CHAPTER VII. 

WORLD'S FAIRS PARIS 1878, MELBOURNE isst), BOSTON 1888. 

The " Exhibition of the Works of An and Industry of all Nations," held at 
Paris, was opened on the first of May, 1S78, and it is important as being the first 
World's Fair in Ihe Old World, under the auspices of a Republican form of gov- 
ernment. While there was not the same show and glitter as in 1867, under the 
Empire, ihe practical results of this exhibition may he considered thoroughly 
successful. 

. SITE ANO BUILDINGS. 

After careful consideration of the many locations suggested for the site of the 
World's Fair Paris 1878) I lie Champ de Mars was selected, as it was in 1867, 
although much more space could have been secured at Courhvoie, Yinccnncs or 
the Bois de Boulogne, the main point was to have the site near the public, and it 
was considered, after the united testimony of the foreign commissioners in 1807, that 
any increase in size was to be avoided. With the view of securing the best talent for 
the plans of buildings, a competition was opened among architects and ninety-four 
plans were submitted. While none of these plans were adopted, vet a general 
use of such of them as seemed best, resulted in the erection of buildings on the 
Champ de Mars. The total area of ground covered on both sides of the Seine 
was not less than one hundred acres, the main building alone occupying fifty- 
four acres. The French exhibits filled one-half of the entire space, the remaining 
portion of the main building being occupied by other nations of the world as 
follows: 



SqUttte Motors. 

Great Britain 91,836 

United States 4,980 

Sweden and Norway 4,816 

Italy 5,644 

J apan 3,834 

China 3,824 

Spain 8,984 

Austro I [ungary 9,638 

Russia 6,808 



Square Motors. 

Denmark 1,186.80 

Switzerland 4,ti48 

Belgium 9,494.50 

Greece 648 . 70 

Central and South America 3,345.50 

Persia, Slant, Morocco and Tunis . 1,097.80 

Portugal 1,680 

Netherlands 8,444 

Sundry (i4s.70 



Making a Total of S(i,;!0S Square Meters. 

fhe United States was well represented in its official commission, lion. 
Richard C. McCormick, Commissioner General, had gained his experience as an 
active member of the United States Centennial Commission, and Messrs. Pettit, 
Smith and Pickering were able and experienced assistants. Prof. Wm. P. Blake 
was secretary of the scientific commission. 



PARIS, 1878. 



47 



UNITED STATES COMMISSION. 

Richard C. McCormick, Commissioner General. 

Frank W. Clancy, Secretary. 

A. H. Girard, Secretary. 

Henry Pettit, Chief Engineer and Architect. 

George Patte, Secretary. 

Rufus M. Smith, Chief, Department of Installation. 

Thomas R. Pickering, Chief, Department of Machinery. 

D. Maitland Armstrong, Chief, Department of Fine Arts. 

John D. Philbrick, Chief, Department of Education. 

William McMurtrie, Chief, Department of Agriculture. 

Lieut. Alexander Rodgers, U. S. A., Attache. 

Lieut. Benjamin H. Buckingham, U. S. N., Attache. 

Lieut. Benjamin R. Russel, ) T , 

■■ . ,«r.,,- t, „ .,. f- In charart 

Lieut. William F. Zeilin, ) a 

Much doubt was expressed as to the interest taken in this work of a republic 
by Great Britain, but as usual the good sense of the Anglo-Saxon race came to 
the front, with the natural result of largely increased channels of trade. The 
Prince of Wales was appointed President of the British Commission, and Mr. 
Philip Cunliffe Owen, Secretary. Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son, the well-known 
and experienced managers of excursions, made a report stating that they carried 
to the Paris World's Fair 1878 not less than 75,000 American and English visitors, 
and that they purchased from the Minister of Finance over 400,000 admission 
tickets. By their hotel arrangements they lodged an average of 450 persons per 
n i Edit from the besrinninsr to the close of the exhibition. 



rare of U. S. Marines. 



EXHIBITORS. 

The total number of exhibitors at the World's Fair Paris 1878 was 40,366, 
divided as follows: 



United States 1,229 

France 19,472 

Great Britain 3,774 

Algeria 1,806 

Andorre 41 

Annam .... 12 

Argentine Republic 526 

Austro-Hungary 4,472 

Belgium 1,717 

Bolivia 13 

China 404 

Cochin China 224 

Denmark 463 

Egypt 57 

French Guinea 76 

French India 81 

Gaboon 15 

Germany 157 

Greece 639 

Guadaluope 28 

Guatemala 44 



Hayti 13 

Italy 2,330 

Japan 459 

Luxembourg 45 

Madagascar 2 

Martinique 114 

Mexico 10 

Morroco. 10 

Netherlands 621 

New Caledonia 91 

Nicaragua 10 

Norway 439 

Nossi Be 3 

Persia (the Shah) 1 

Peru 72 

Portugal 1,986 

Reunion 248 

Russia 1,150 

San Marino 14 

San Salvador '. 46 

Senegal 149 



48 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



Siam (the King) 1 

Spain 4,131 

Sweden 593 

Switzerland 1,173 



Tahiti 1 

Tunis , 96 

Uruguay 234 

Venezuela 67 



As usual, the lack of interest taken by Congress and the general government 
in the Workls's Fair Paris 1878 had the natural result that there were comparatively 
few exhibitors, the total number being 1,229; but also, as usual, the number of 
awards made, amounted to 833 for exhibitors and 18 for co-operation, .or nearly 
two-thirds the number of exhibitors. 

AWARDS TO U. S. EXHIBITORS. 
These awards were distributed as follows: 

Diploma of Honor 1 

Grand Prizes 4 

Gold Medals 132 

Silver Medals 222 

Second Medal 1 

Third Medal 1 

Bronze Medals ■ 267 

Honorable Mention 205- 

AS CO-OPERATORS. 

Gold Medals 2 

Silver Medals 5 

Bronze Medals 7 

Honorable Mentions 4 

VISITORS. 

The World's Fair Paris opened on the 1st of May, 1878, and closed on the 
10th of October. The total number of admissions was 16,032,725; the exhibition 
having been open for one-hundred and ninety-four days, this gives an average of 
nearly 82,650 per day. The number of entries on payment was 12,621,908; there 
were 950,000 free admissions, and about 3,000,000 entries on service connected with 
the exhibition. On the 10th of June (Whit Monday), the number of entries was 
200,613, of which 182,240 were on payment; this was the largest number on any 
one day, and some 30,000 more than on the largest day in ] 867, thus showing a 
steady advance in interest. The total receipts from visitors in 1878 were 12,653,746 
francs, equal in round numbers to $2,531,650, showing quite an increase over 1867. 

The total appropriation made by congress for the United States department 
of the World's Fair Paris 1878 was but $190,000, while Great Britian with half 
the probable expenses, appropriated the equivalent in pounds sterling to $335,000. 
However, under the conservative management of Governor McCormick, commis- 
sioner-general, the appropriation sufficed, and for the first time in any foreign 
World's Fair the United States had a home of its own, a building which in no 
way compared to the homes of other nationalities, but answered its purpose, and an 
illustration is presented herewith. Commissioner General McCormick in his very 
able and interesting report, addressed to the Secretary of State, closes as follows: 

You will hope, with me, I am sure, that hereafter, with a due regard to international cour- 
tesy and to our own prestige, when all the powers of the world are to take part in our exposition, 
our government may act neither reluctantly nor parsimoniously, but with ready cordiality, and in 
a manner to give a just idea of our actual progress in science, art, education and industry. 



SYDNEY, 1879. 49 



The display of fine arts and machinery was upon a very large and compre- 
hensive scale, and the avenue of nations, a street 2,400 feet in length, was occupied 
by specimens of the domestic architecture of every country in Europe and several 
in Asia, Africa and America. The palace of the Trocadero on the northern bank 
of the Seine was a magnificent structure, with towers two-hundred and fifty feet 
in height, flanked by two galleries. The rules suggested by the writer and 
adopted at Philadelphia requiring two copies of a photograph of every person en- 
titled to a free admission, was enforced in Paris and found to work successfully. 
The total number of persons who visited Paris during the six months this World's 
Fair remained open was 571,792 being jo8,ooo more than came to Paris the pre- 
ceding yeai\ and the profit to the city of Paris was estimated at $15,000,000, so 
that the indirect advantages more than covered the whole cost of the exhibition. 

WORLD'S FAIR, SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, 1879. 

The Sydney International Exhibition of 1879 was opened on the 17th day of 
September of that year. It was kept open until April 20, 1880, and during that 
period it was visited by 1,117,536 persons as per official report, of whom 267,056 
entered free, and 850,480 paid for admission, the amount realized being .£40,432 or 
in round numbers $202,180. The total amount of space covered by the exhibition 
buildings including the restaurants was 650,000 square feet or rather more than 
15 acres. There were 9,345 exhibitors. The number of awards was 6,756 in ad- 
dition to 798 prizes given to exhibitors at the special shows. The net cost of the 
Exhibition, after deducting all returns, entrances, concessions, etc., was in round 
numbers $1,321,000.00, but as usual this was more than repaid in the large sums of 
money expended in Sydney. 

The United States Commission at Sydney was composed as follows: 
O. M. Spencer, Esq., Consul General, President. 
Dr. C. C. Cox, First Executive Officer 
Dr. E. H. Williams, Commissioner. 
Augustus Morris, Esq., Commissioner. 
S. P. Lord, Esq., Commissioner. 
Gregory P. Harte, Esq., Hon. Commissioner. 
Oswald Monson, Esq., Hon. Commissioner. 
Sydney Webster Bedford, Esq., Secretary. 
G. R. C. Bromley, Acting Secretary. 

Commissioners in the United States: 

Henry W. Peabody, Esq., Boston, Mass. 
Roderick W. Cameron, Esq., New York, N. Y. 

The following countries were represented at the World's Fair Sydney 1879: 

Austria. India. South Australia. 

Belgium. Italy. Straits Settlement. 

Canada. Japan. Switzerland. 

Ceylon. Netherlands. Tasmania. 

Figi. New Caledonia. United States. 

France. New South Wales. Victoria. 

Germany. New Zealand. West Australia. 

Great Britain. Queensland. 



50 WORLEi'S FAIRS. 



The United States received 17 complimentary awards and medals, also 6 
special medals to exhibitors, and in all 292 awards. As the exhibits from the 
United States were only 310, it is evident that all but eighteen of our exhibitors 
received awards due equally to the merits of the exhibits and the courtesy of the 
judges. Very special attention was given at Sydney to the agricultural live stock 
display, the exhibitors in these classes being 2,046 or nearly one-fourth of the 
whole exhibit. 

WORLD'S FAIR MELBOURNE, VICTORIA, 1880. 

The site selected for this exhibition was the Alton Gardens, a public park com- 
prising an area of about 63 acres, over the whole of which the commissioners were 
to have exclusive control. The plans and specifications for the exhibition build- 
ings were prepared and duly submitted to parliament on the 12th of November, 
1878 together with an estimate of the cost. According to the architects estimate 
the cost of erecting the main building with one machinerv annex was to be in round 
numbers $337,000, a further sum of $25,000 being added for cellarage deemed 
necessary by the commissioners, and the whole contract was given out for $357,000. 
The buildings as finally completed consisted of the permanent nave 500 feet long 
and 160 feet wide, with galleries and large cellars; two permanent annexes 460 
feet long and 138 feet wide, one main temporary hall 820 feet long and 490 feet 
wide, a temporary annex for British machinery containing about 21,000 square feet, 
German and Austrian annexes containing about 20,000 feet of space. The total 
cost of all the buildings was £246,365 3s. 6d., or in our money roughly $1,201,025. 
Energetic measures were taken by the experienced Secretary Mr. Geo. C. Levey, 
C. M. G. to secure publicity throughout the whole of the civilized -world and be- 
fore the notice of all nations, through the medium of her Majesty's Ministers and 
Consuls, and the Secretary himself spent one year in traveling all over North 
America and Europe to the great advantage of the exhibition. 

UNITED STATES COMMISSION. 

Oliver M. Spencer, Esq., U. S. Consul General, Commissioner. 
Thos. R. Pickering, Esq., Executive Manager. 

HONORARY COMMISSIONERS. 

Augustus Morris, Esq. 

J. K. Smyth, Esq. 

Andrew Newell, Esq. 

Samuel P. Lord, Esq., Vice-Consul General. 

Edward H. Williams, Esq. 

Joseph C. Earle, Esq., Secretary. 

EXHIBITORS. 

The total number of exhibitors was 12,792, who represented over 32,000 sep- 
arate exhibits. The countries represented being as follows: 

Exhibitors. Exhibits. Exhibitors. Exhibits. 



Austria 373 852 

Belgium 327 817 

Fiance 1,106 2,765 



NewCaledonia and Algiers 40 100 

Germany 963 2,407 

Italy..." 88S 2,220 



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Exhibitors. Exhibits. 

Japan 168 420 

Netherlands 79 IDT 

Switzerland 52 155 

United States 366 915 

United Kingdom 1,379 3,447 

British India 1,172 2,950 

Ceylon 818 2,045 

Mauritius 98 245 

Straits Settlement 97 252 

New South Wales 419 1,047 

Formosa 258 645 

Western Australia 149 372 

South Australia 330 820 

New Zealand 629 1,562 



Queensland 5S7 

Fiji 285 

Victoria 2,130 

China 20 

Denmark 8 

Norway 7 

Russia 1 

South Africa 24 

South Sea Islands 1 

Spain, Portugal & Colonies, 5 

Sweden 10 

Turkey 3 



Total 12,792 



1,407 
612 

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60 
25 
13 
25 
8 

31,856 



VISITORS. 

Although the exhibition was closed at night, and no extraneous attractions 
offered, the total atttendance was: 

Adults 853,655 

Children 116,132 

Season Tickets 16,061 

Miscellaneous 344,431 



Total 1,330,279 

Of above in round numbers 1,000,000 paid for admission, -which is considerably 
more than the whole population of the Colony. These numbers will compare 
very favorably with the result of any previous World's Fair held either in Europe 
or America at none of which was there an attendance so large in proportion to the 
population. Patent machines were used for registering the admissions which 
worked very well. The public school children were admitted free on certain 
selected days. It will be borne in mind the United States had 366 exhibitors; then- 
exhibits were awarded prizes as follows: 

First Class 172 

Second Class 73 

Third Class 33 

Fourth Class 13 

Fifth Class 308 

Honorable Mention 2 

Gold Medal 30 

Silver Medal , . 89 

Bronze Medal 53 

The medals being awarded to those in each class who seemed specially de- 
serving. 

The total number of awards was 9,671 and of medals 3,008. The large in- 
crease in our trade with Australia, due first to the World's Fair Philadelphia, has 
been still further added to by the results of the Melbourne Exhibition, so that to-day 
our exports of manufactured goods to Australia are larger than ever before. 

FOREIGN WORLD'S FAIR BOSTON 1883. 

While this important exhibition was confined to other nations than our own, it 
is interesting from the fact that a larger number of foreign countries was repre- 
sented than ever before or since. It was entirely in the hands of a private organi- 



52 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



zation, comprising some of the best known and most prominent citizens of Boston. 
Its title was, " The American Exhibition of the Products, Arts and Manufactures 
of Foreign Nations." It had the support of the United States government to this 
extent: Through the courtesy of the State Department, all circulars, notices and 
official documents were forwarded free of charge to all United States ministers, 
consuls general and consuls, together with an official letter from the State Depart- 
ment, as per the following: 

Gen. C. B. Norton, 

Secretary Foreign Exhibition, Boston, Mass. : 
Sir: — The members of the Massachusetts Congressional delegation have visited me 
asking the countenance of the government in furtherance of the proposed Exhibition of Foreign 
Manufacturing, Artistic and Industrial Productions, which it is proposed to hold in Boston during 
September, October and November of the present year. This project had already been brought 
to the attention of this government, and will be supported by it so far as may comport with the 
fact that it is local rather than a national enterprise. To this end I have instructed the diplo- 
matic representatives of the United States abroad to bring the subject suitably to the notice of 
foreign governments, and I have also prepared a circular of instructions to our consuls directing 
them to give publicity to the circulars issued by your association, and to furnish intending 
exhibitors with all needful information. It gives me pleasure to acquaint you with this action, 
and to lequest that you send me, with as little delay as possible, 5,000 copies of your descrip- 
tive circular, for distribution through the ministers and consuls. 

Your obedient servant, 

Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, 

Secretary of State. 

By an act of the Congress of the United States, approved by the President 
June 28, 1882, all goods intended for this exhibition were admitted to remain in 
bond free of duty while on exhibition. 



OFFICERS OF THE FOREIGN WORLD'S FAIR BOSTON 1883. 

President Nathaniel J. Bradlee. 

Secretary C. B. Norton. 

Treasurer F. W. Lincoln. 

BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 

Nathaniel J. Bradlee, President Massachu- Henry W. Peabody, Henry W. Peabody & 

setts Charitable Mechanics' Association. Co., Shipping Merchants to Australia 

Frederick W. Lincoln, Ex-Mayor of Boston. and South America. 

Frederick O. Prince, Ex-Mayor of Boston. S. D. Sargeant, Treasurer Heliotype Printing 

Lansing Millis, Manager Central Vermont Co. 

Railroad. J. W. Wolcott, Hotel Vendome. 

James H. Wilson, President New York & Nathan Appleton, Representative U. S. 

New England Railroad. Panama Canal Co. 

Francis A. Walker, President Mass. Institute Theo. N. Vail, General Manager American 

of Technology. Bell Telephone Co. 

William A. Hovey, Vice-President American Jas. B. Thomas, Jr., Standard Sugar Refinery. 

Electric Light Co. Edward C. Ellis, E. C. Ellis & Co. 

Hartley Lord, H. & G. W. Lord, Merchants. Chas. D. Barry, Henry W. Peabody & Co. 

OFFICERS. 

Assistant Secretary — Miss Nellie Brightman. Bureau of Art — Chief, H. R. Burdick. 

Assistant Treasurer — L. S. Richards. Bureau of Health — Medical Director, P. Ben- 
Bureau of Installation — Chief, John Pearce. der, M. D. 

Bureau of Publicity — Chief, Geo. CHevalier. Bureau of Music — Chief, Geo. A. Jones. 

Bureau of Police — Chief, Capt.C. A. Hackett. Bureau of Customs— Chief, F. G. Bixby. 



BOSTON, 1883. 



53 



The building in which this World's Fair was held was erected at the expense 
of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association, at a cost of over half 
a million of dollars, and it is utilized for their triennial exhibitions. It is centrally 
located and of easy access from all sections of Boston. It is supplied completely 
with electric lights, steam power, water, gas and every possible convenience. 

To secure prompt and immediate attention to the official communication of 
the United States government, special commissioners were sent abroad, with the 
result that all of the following nations were represented: 



Algeria. 


Cuba. 




Holland. 


San Salvador. 


Australasia. 


Denmark. 




Ireland. 


Scotland. 


Austria. 


East Indies. 




Italy. 


Siam. 


Belgium. 


Egypt- 




Japan. 


Spain. 


Brazil. 


England. 




Mexico. 


Sweden. 


Canada. 


Fiji Islands. 




Morocco. 


Switzerland. 


Ceylon. 


France. 




Norway. 


Turkey. 


China. 


Germany. 




Persia. 


Venezuela. 


Colombia. 


Guatemala. 




Portugal. 


West Indies. 


Corea. 


Hawaiian Islands. 


Russia. 


Western Islands 






EXHIBITS. 





There were in all at this Foreign World's Fair 680 exhibits, comprising not 
less than 100,000 articles of great cost, the total value being estimated at over half 
a million dollars. The Japanese section and the Chinese department were specially 
interesting. 

VISITORS. 

The total number of visitors, in round numbers, was 300,000, naturally con- 
fined to the city of Boston and vicinity. While this exhibition paid no profit in 
itself, there is a general admission on the part of the merchants of Boston that not 
only did it bring a large amount of money to that city, but that it led to a demand, 
still existing and increasing, for many varieties of products never before called for. 




54 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1889. 

With the usual sagacity of the French nation, ample time was secured in 
which to carry through the most successful international exhibition that has as yet 
taken place. In June, 1883, the matter was first taken into consideration by some 
members of the Corps Legislatif. Public discussion in the press and elsewhere 
followed, with the result that it was considered best to hold a universal exhibition 
in Paris in 1889, the centenary of the French Revolution, 1779. On November 8, 
1887, M. Jules Grevy, President of the Republic, signed, upon the recommendation 
of M. Rouvier, Minister of Commerce, a decree that a universal exhibition should 
be opened in Paris on May 5, 1889, and should be closed on October 31, the same 
year. For the purpose of successfully carrying through this great enterprise, the 
government pronounced in favor of a system of organization by the state in 
alliance with a guarantee society, which had been found to work well in 1867. 
This society guaranteed the state 18,000,000 francs, or $3,600,000, and gave certain 
pledges in the event of the expenses exceeding the amount calculated. This 
society or syndicate acted by means of a board of control, composed of eight 
municipal councillors, seventeen senators, deputies and state representatives and 
eighteen subscribers to the guarantee fund, each commissioner representing 1,000,000 
francs. Thus the state had control of the exhibition, the city of Paris had a voice 
in the control, and the guarantee society did not lose sight of its capital. The 
state was reimbursed to a certain extent by the greater circulation of money and 
greater surplus from indirect taxes, the city of Paris was secured through its 
increased receipts in active duties, and the guarantee syndicate by its control of the 
receipts of the exhibition. A law dated July 6, 1886, sanctioned this combination, 
and on the 28th of July a decree regulated the organization of the service as follows- 

ORGANIZATION. 

M. Edward Lockroy, Minister of Commerce, Commissioner General. 

M, Alphand, Director General of the Works. 

M. Georges Berger, Director General of Exploitation, 

M. Grison, Director General of Finance. 

M. Bartet, Engineer in Chief. 

A ministerial order was issued, dated August 26, 1886, appointing a consulta- 
tive committee of 300 persons, under the title of the Grand Council of the 
Universal Exhibition of 1889, and this was subdivided into twenty-two consulting 
committees to watch over various departments of the exposition. The govern- 
ment issued 30,000,000 tickets to the guarantee company, which, sold at one 
franc each, would realize $6,000,000. It also authorized a lottery with 200,000 



PARIS, 1889. 55 

bonds of twenty-five francs good for twenty-five tickets, the bonds bearing interest. 
Thev soon sold at thirt" francs and over, thus paying the syndicate well on its 
investment. 

EXPENSES. 

The original estimate for buildings and grounds for the World's Fair Paris 
1889 was 32,664,518 francs; in our money about $6,500,000. This included every 
item chargeable to buildings and grounds, and the result, it will be admitted by 
every visitor, indicated a good return on the investment, especially when, in closing 
up the account, the actual cost was found to be $646,490 less than the above 
estimate. The total estimate made for the entire cost of the World's Fair Paris 
1889 was 43,000,000 francs, but the result shows an outlay of only 41,500,000, the 
gross total being as follows: 

Receipts 49,500,000 francs 

Expenses 41,500,000 francs 

Showing an excess in receipts of 8,000,000 francs 

Or $1,600,000. This wonderful result, exceeding that of any previous exhi- 
tion, was due almost entirely to the admirable organization of the whole affair 
from its smallest detail, and the fact that nearly all the officials connected with it 
were men of experience. 

EXHIBITORS. 

There were in all 55,000 exhibitors, more than at any previous world's fair. 
Of this number about l',750 were from the United States, the commission from this 
country being organized as follows: 

THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION. 

Commissioner General — William B. Franklin, Hartford, Conn. 
Assistant Commissioner General — Somerville Pinkney Tuck, New York, N. Y. 
Lieut. Benjamin H. Buckingham, U. S. N., Aide-de-Camp, Naval Commissioner. 
Capt. David A. Lyle, Ordnance Department U. S. A., Aide-de-Camp, Military 

Commissioner. 
Capt. Henry Clay Cochrane, U. S. Marine Corps, Commanding Detachment of 

Marines. 
Lieut. Paul St. Clair Murphy, U. S. Marine Corps. 

SUPERINTENDENTS OF DIVISIONS. 

Fine Arts— J. H. Thieriot. Agriculture— F. T. Bickford. 

Education — C. Wellman Parks. Electricity — Carl Hering. 

Industrial — W. L. Bailie. Minerals — George F. Kunz. 
Machinery — T. R. Pickering. 

The total number of awards to American exhibitors was 941, as follows: 

Grand Prizes 52 

Gold Medals 189 

Silver Medals 273 

Bronze Medals ' 220 

Honorable Mentions 207 



56 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



This being the last of the World's Fairs, it has been thought best to present a 
list of such exhibitors from the United States as received the grand prize or gold 
medal. 

GRAND PRIZE. 



J. Melchers, Detroit, Mich. 

Boston Public Schools. 

Bureau of Education, Department of Interior, 
Washington, D. C. 

Bureau of Ethnography, Washington, D. C. 

Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. 

Geological Commission, Washington, D. C. 

War Department, Washington, D. C. 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. 

Meteorological Service, Washington, D. C. 

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 

John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 

University of the State of New York, N. Y. 

The Century Company, New York, N. Y. 

Leroy W. Fairchild, New York, N, Y. 

United States Geological Survey, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. 

U. S. Signal Service, Washington, D. C. 

Corps of Engineers, United States Army. 

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

United States Signal Service, War Depart- 
ment. 

United States Geological Survey. 

T. G. Hawkes, Corning, N. Y. 

Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New 
Haven, Conn. 

GOLD 

Butler Harrison, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Eugene L Vail. 

E. L. Weeks, Boston, Mass. 

E. Abbey, Philadelphia, Pa. 

C, S. Reinhart, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Elbridge Kingsley, New York, N. Y. 

C. W. Bardeen & Co., Syracuse, N. Y. 

A. S. Barnes & Co., New York, N. Y. 

Public Library, Chicago, 111. 

National College for Deaf Mutes, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

Industrial School for Indian Children, Car- 
lisle, Pa. 

Sockanosset School for Boys, Howard, R. I. 

Education and the Common School Educa- 
tor. 

Public Schools of Elizabeth, N. J. 

Bureau of Public Instruction, Sacramento, 
Cal. 

Department of Public Instruction, Des 
Moines, la. 

Department of Public Instruction, Harris- 
burg, Pa. 



Tiffany & Co., New York, N. Y. 

John B. Stetson & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Collective Exhibit of Ores and Minerals of 

the United States, prepared by Prof. W. 

P. Blake. 
Agricultural Department. 
Garner & Co., New York, N. Y. 
R G Solomon, Newark, N. J. 
Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I. 
Wm. Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
International Button Hole Co. 
Hale Sewing Machine Co., Boston, Mass. 
Wheeler & Wilson, Bridgeport, Conn. 
J. A. Fay & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Healey & Co., New York, N. Y. 
Pennsylvania Railroad Co., Altoona, Pa. 
American Bell Telephone Co., Boston, Mass. 
Thomas A. Edison, Llewellyn Park, N. J. 
Elisha Gray, Highland Park, 111. 
Elihu Thomson, Lynn, Mass. 
U. S. Engineer Bureau, Washington, D. C. 
Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C. 
Bergner & Engel, Philadelphia, Pa. 
McCormick Harvester, Chicago, 111. 
Walter A. Wood, Hoosick Falls, N. Y. 
Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. 
Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. 

MEDAL. 

Commissioner of Schools, Columbus, Ohio. 

Bureau of Education, Madison, Wis. 

Perkins Institute for the Blind, Boston, Mass. 

Ivison, Blakeman & Co., ]STew York, N. Y. 

Journal of Education and the American 
Teacher. 

J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

G. & C. Merriam & Co., Springfield, Mass. 

National Bureau of Education, Washington, 
D.C. 

Public Schools of the City of Pitttburgh, Pa. 

Popular Educator. 

Silver, Burdett & Co., Boston, Mass. 

The Chatauqua Circle, Syracuse, N. Y. 

Public Schools of the City of Buffalo, N. Y. 

Public Schools of Moline, 111. 

Department of Public Instruction, Iowa. 

Department of Public Instruction, Massa- 
chusetts. 

Public Schools of Galveston, Texas. 

Department of Public Instruction, California. 

Department of Public Instruction, Wisconsin. 

Public Schools of Boston. 




CENTRAL DOME, WORLD'S FAIR, PARIS, 1889. 



CHICAGO, 1893. 



57 



Public Schools of Pittsburg 

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

E. D. Cope. 

U. S. Navai School. 

American Natural History Museum, New- 
York. 

University of Virginia. 

Eastman College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Manual Training School, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Manual Training School, St. Louis, Mo. 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bos- 
ton. 

D. Appleton & Co , New York, N. Y. 

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass. 

J. B. Lippincott & Co., New York, N. Y. 

G. C. Merriam & Co., Springfield, Mass. 

New York Bank Note Co., New York, N. Y. 

L. L. Brown Paper Co., Adams, Mass. 

S. & D. Warren & Co., Boston, Mass. 

Prang & Co., Boston, Mass. 

Tiffany & Co., New York, N. Y. 

George Barker, Niagara Falls, N. Y. 

Eastman Dry Plate Co., Rochester, N. Y. 

University of California. 

Darling, Brown & Sharpe, Providence, R. I. 

H. Holleritt, Washington, D. C. 

J. P. Lesley, Harrisburgh, Pa 

Heywood Bros. & Co., New York, N. Y. 

Rookwood Pottery, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Gorham Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I. 

Colgate & Co., New York, N. Y. 

Ladd & Coffin, New York, N. Y. 

W. Demuth & Co., New York, N. Y. 

Garner & Co., New York, N Y 

Mayer, Strouse & Co , New York, N. Y. 

Reneke Bros., New York. 

R. Dunlap & Co., New York, N Y. 

N. J. Schloss & Co., New York, N. Y. 

Colts Firearms Co , Hartford, Conn. 

Smith & Wesson, Springfield, Mass. 

Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, 
Conn. 

Boston India Rubber Shoe Co. 

Marks Adjustable Chair Co , New York, N Y 

Anaconda Mining Co. 

Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., New York, 
N. Y. 

State of Nevada. 

The Cowles Electric Smelting & Aluminum 
Co., Lockport, N. Y. 

Yale Manufacturing Co. 

Drake Co., Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 

J B. Randal, San Francisco, Cal. 

Arthur C. Jackson, Sanford, Fla. 

Korbel & Bros., San Francisco, Cal. 

Agricultural Department, Washington, D.C. 

Cotton Oil Product Co., New York, X. Y 



F. W. Devoe & Co., New York, N. Y. 
Revere Rubber Co , Boston, Mass. 
Seabury & Johnson, New York, N. Y 
Cheseborough Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. 
F S. Pease, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Valentine & Co., New York, N. Y. 
Fairchild Bros., New York, N. Y. 
George Upton, Boston, Mass. 
J. S. Barnet & Bro., New York, N. Y. 
Blanchard Bros., Newark, N.J. 
Ingersoll Rock Drill Co., New York, N. Y. 
Simeon Howes, Silver Creek, N. Y. 
American Elevator Co., New York. 
C. H. Brown & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. 
Straight Line Engine Co., Syracuse, N. Y. 
Armington & Sims, Providence, R I. 
Otis Bros. & Co., New York, N. Y. 
American Screw Co., Providence, R. I. 

G. F. Simonds, Fitchburg, Mass. 
National Cordage Co., New York, N. Y. 
Davis Sewing Machine Co. ,Watertown, N Y. 
Paine Shoe Lasting Machine Co., Rochester, 

N. Y. 

New Home Sewing Machine Co., New 
York, N. Y. 

Singer Sewing Machine Co., New York, N Y 

Mackellar, Smiths & Jordan Co., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

American Writing Machine Co., Hartford, 
Conn. 

Hammond Type Writer Co., New York, N.Y. 

Cobb Vulcanite Wire Co., Wilmington, Del. 

Heisler Electric Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. 

Okonite Co., New York, N. Y. 

Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111 

Herring & Co., New York, N. Y. 

Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford, Conn. 

Board of Trade, Chicago, 111. 

Glen Cove Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y 

C. A. Pillsbury & Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 

J. H. Michener, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Armour & Co., Chicago, 111. 

G. Coward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 

Morris & Co., Chicago, 111. 

Curtise Bros., Rochester, N, Y. 

Swift & Co., Chicago, 111. 

A. G. Chouche, California. 

G Megliavalla, Napa, Cal. 

C A. Wetmore, Livermore, Cal. 

State of California. 

John Osborn, Son & Co., New York, N. Y 

Beadleston & Woerz, New York, N. Y. 

Joseph Kunz, New York, N. Y. 

S. R. & T. C. Mott, New York, N. Y. 

State of Kansas. 

E. D. Fernew, Washington, D. C. 

William Saunders, Washington, D. C. 



58 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



Batchellor tV Sons Co., Wallingford, Vt. Universal Peace Union, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Johnston Harvester Co., Brockport, N. Y. Department of Labor, Massachusetts. 

Whitman Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. Department of Labor, New York. 

Enterprise Mfg. Co., Columbiana, Ohio. Young Men's Christian Association, New 
Richmond Cedar Works, New York, N. Y. York, N. Y. 

John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Women's Temperance Union, United States. 
Carroll D. Wright, Washington, D. C. 

As no official report of the United States Commission to World's Fair Paris 
1889 has yet been made, the above list is made up from the best attainable 
sources. 

The Scripps League of American Newspapers paid the expenses of fifty 
American working men and women to the Paris Exposition. 

POLICE SE'RVICE. 

For the proper charge of this important service during the day, the following 
were required from May 5 to November 5, six months: 4 chiefs, 4 brigadiers, 52 
sous brigadiers, 800 policemen. For the night service : 2 lieutenants, 4 non-com- 
missioned officers, 8 brigadiers, and 125 men of the Republican Guard, equivalent to 
our state troops. In addition, 62 secret service agents were employed, under the 
command of a chief and two assistants. The total number of arrests during the 
entire period of the World's Fair was only 198, which were divided as follows: 
139 French, 9 Italians, 5 English, 7 Belgians, 5 Austrians, 9 Swiss, 6 Germans, 3 
Spanish, 4 Russians, 1 Hollander, 2 Irish, 1 Egyptian, 1 Brazilian, 1 American, 1 
Turk, 1 Algerian, 2 Luxembourgians. These were mostlv arrested for theft and 
pocket picking. 

MEDICAL SERVICE. 

A central post or hospital was established, controlled by a medical director and 
nine assistants. There were also five sub-medical stations in different parts of the 
grounds, with telephone connection with the city ambulance stations. The largest 
number of medical calls were due to accidents to workmen prior to the opening of 
the exposition. 

It is a most remarkable fact that during the World's Fair 1889, Paris was 
exceptionally healthy, statistics indicating a diminution in the rate of mortality as 
compared with former years. Philosophers have said for centuries past that "one 
does not think of dying when happy," and perhaps this may explain the incon- 
gruity. One thing is certain, that neither the Parisians themselves nor their 
visitors had time to think of getting: ill. 



NARROW GAUGE RAILROAD. 

The trains on this great accommodation to visitors started from the monu- 
mental gate at the Quay d'Orsay, and, making several turns and three stops, 
arrived at the machinery hall. The fifteen engines used were run by steam, com- 
pressed air and electricity, carrying 100 carriages of different plans. A uniform 
price of twenty-five centimes, or five cents, was made for the entire trip or any 



PARIS, 1889. 59 



portion thereof. These trains commenced running at 9 a. m. till midnight at 
intervals of ten minutes. There were carried on this railroad 6,342,670 visitors, 
being an average per day of 35,238 persons in 3, 70S trains, and during the six 
months of active work only one accident has been noted. Rolling chairs were 
largely used by invalids and others during the exposition. 

VISITORS. 

The regular entrance fee was one franc,but, owing to the lottery system, a very 
large number entered at half that price. The total number of admissions by ticket 
between May 6 and November 6, was 28,149,353, or more than three times the num- 
ber of entrances to the Centennial, thus carrying out the steady rule of progression in 
increased numbers which all exhibitions indicate, the daily average being 137,289. It 
is estimated that 400,000 people visited the fair on the last day, which makes it the 
largest single day in world's fairs. Paris has one advantage so far as statistics are con- 
cerned. The police of that city can form some data fairly reliable as to the number of 
arrivals into the city of Paris, as every hotel and apartment house is obliged by law 
to keep a register. These show that about 1,500,000 came into the city, and upon 
that basis that there were not less than 5,000,000 separate visitors to the Woi-ld's 
Fair, which would allow a trifle over five entries to each person. It is the judg- 
ment of the writer, from pretty careful examination, that the average entrances 
into the Paris exposition would be more nearly ten to each person, the admission 
being only one franc, in which case (if correct) there were less than 3,000,000 
visitors. However that may be, there was an increase of 12,000,000 entries over 
Paris, 1878, and 18,000,000 over Philadelphia, 1876. 

For the evening or for Sunday, an extra ticket was required ; and the wonder- 
ful fountains, electric colored lights and splendid bands of music brought together 
a very much increased attendance. It has been estimated by a regular visitor that 
to see the entire exhibition one would walk at least fifteen miles. Foreign com- 
mittees, established at the request of the French government, were each invited to 
be represented by a delegate charged to deal with questions interesting to the 
nation he represented. 

SITE AND BUILDINGS. 

As is well known, the Champ de Mars was again selected as the site 
for the World's Fair Paris 1889. The total space occupied was 173 acres. The 
largest building on the ground was the Machinery Palace, 1,378 feet long, 406 
feet wide and 166 feet high. This building cost $1,500,000 and covered 
eleven acres. The Palace of Arts cost $1,350,000, and the Palace of the French 
Section cost $1,150,000, while $500,000 were expended on the parks and gar- 
dens. Among these parks were interspersed that marvelous collection of dwell- 
ings representing an Indian dwelling, a street in Algiers, houses of New 
Caledonia, the Tunisian minaret, Turkish village, English dairies, Dutch bakeries, 
etc. There is no question but that the Eiffel Tower was the principal attrac- 
tion in Paris, 1889, as it is now, the writer having received a postal card 
from its top within the past few days. This structure, 984 feet high, is named 
after its inventor, a French engineer, who, however, has given credit to this 
country as having furnished the idea; possibly the Sawyer Observatory at the 



60 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



Centennial may have suggested it. Its base forms a gigantic archway over a 
main path leading from the bridge into the central grounds of the exposition. 
The tower is of very simple construction, built entirely of iron girders and pillars, 
with four great shafts consisting of four columns each, starting from the four 
corners of the base and merging into the single shaft, which forms the main part 
of the tower. This shaft ends in a great cupola or Alpine reception room, which 
in turn is surmounted by a still higher lantern or observatory, the platform of 
which is over 800 feet above the ground. The total weight has been estimated 
at 15,000,000 pounds, or 7,500 tons, and the cost at about $1,000,000, the French 
o-overnment assuming one-third the expense. To all who visited the Eiffel Tower 
from this country, it must have been some satisfaction to know that the only safe 
and rapid means of reaching the top was by the Otis elevator, an American inven- 
tion and manufacture. On the first platform of the Eiffel Tower restaurants have 
been established, where visitors can rest and refresh themselves and enjoy a mag- 
nificent view of Paris and its suburbs. There are four elevators leading to the 
first platform, two of the Otis American pattern, carrying fifty passengers each 
and moving at the rate of two meters a second ; and two of French design, carrying 
100 passengers each and traveling one meter a second. 

The results of the World's Fair Paris 1889 were most satisfactory. The gold 
reserve or balance in the Bank of France was enormously increased. It was 
estimated that Americans brought over and spent 350,000,000 francs in gold. By 
careful police estimates the total number of strangers in France during the expo- 
sition was fixed at 1,500,000, of which the majority were thus divided: 



Swedes and Norwegeans 3 500 

Greeks, Roumanians and Turks .... 5 000 

Africans, principally Algerians .... 13.000 

North Americans 90,000 

South Americans 35,000 

Oceanica, Java, etc 3 000 



Belgians 335,000 

English : 380,000 

Germans 160,000 

Swiss 53,000 

Spaniards 56,000 

Italians 38.000 

Russians 7,000 

The various railroad companies admit an increase in numbers over the six 
months of the preceding year of 1,878,747, and in receipts of over 66,000,000 
francs, and the City of Paris Omnibus Company of 4,000,000. The Cab Compaq' 
transported 29,097,112 persons from January 1 to November 1, 1889; the same 
period in the previous year, only 12,000,000, with an increase in revenue of 
1 558,000 francs. The Louvre, a large dry goods store, ran four free stages to the 
exhibition, carrying 1,320,000 passengers gratis. There were some 300 open 
wao-ons or spring wagons in use, run by private parties, making as high as $50 
per day. The tramways, from May 6 to October 31, carried 6,342,670 people, 
o-iving over 1,500,000 francs receipts, sometimes carrying 10,000 per hour. The 
Belt Line carried an average of 30,000 per day during the fair, and a total of not less 
than 16,215,825 individuals, and the small steamboats on the Seine, 13,527,125. It 
was estimated that the increase in the consumption of meat amounted to 3,278,871 
pounds, and of wine 3,162,227 gallons. The theaters all showed large gains, the total 
excess of receipts over previous years being 10,867,555 francs. The restaurants were 
great o- a iners, the increased receipts being at the Champ de Mars alone 1,640,000 
franc's more than in the previous year. The World's Fair Paris 1889 showed a profit 
of 8,000,000 francs, the loss in 1878 at the Paris Exposition being 31,704,890 francs. 



CHICAGO, 1893. 



61 



Adding together the increase of the bank balances, of the receipts of railroads and 
of the revenue, a total gain of not far short of 500,000,000 francs will appear; to this 
must be added the strictly private receipts. Allowing 1,500,000 of foreign visitors, 
spending an average of 500 francs or $100 each while in Paris, and 6,000,000 from 
the provinces of France, spending say 100 francs or $20 each, are 1,250,000,000 
more, giving a total direct of 1,750,000,000 francs; or about $350,000,000. Thus 
the heavy outlays made by the French government and the city of Paris were 
returned tenfold. 




62 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



CHAPTER IX. 
WORLD'S FAIR CHICAGO 1893. 

For some years past it has been a question for discussion in the columns of 
the press and in Congress, as to the proper manner in which to celebrate the dis- 
covery of America by Christopher Columbus. When at last it was decided to 
have an International Exhibition, several of our cities made claim to the honor of 
having it held within their borders, and as is well known, after much discussion in 
and out of Congress, it was settled that the City of Chicago should be the accepted 
location. So much time had elapsed however that it was found impossible to have 
so large an undertaking complete and in running order in season to celebrate the 
proposed anniversary, therefore it was decided to inaugurate the buildings in 1892, 
and have the World's Fair in 1893. 

Long prior to any action on the part of Congress, His Honor, the Mayor of 
Chicago, Hon. DeWitt C. Cregier, officially brought the subject to the attention of 
her citizens and at their request, in company with Mr. Thos. B. Bryan and Mr. 
Edward T. Jeffery, he appeared before the Congressional Committee in Washington, 
with the result that their able management, together with the practical good sense 
of a majority of the Senate and House, settled the question of a proper site for the 
World's Fair 1893. It is a curious fact that, while the general public, all our manu- 
facturers and producers, and men of science and experience, have proved over and 
over again the great money value of these International Exhibitions to the United 
States, Congresss has shown a steady and determined opposition to any appropri- 
ations for such purposes. It has practically done nothing. The money loaned by 
the government to the Board of Finance, Philadelphia, was recalled dollar for 
dollar, although it has been proved beyond question that the duties received on in- 
creased importations would have paid the loan ten times over, and still more 
important that the improvements in our own manufactures had added so largely to 
our increased sales abroad as to make a difference of millions of dollars. A care- 
ful consideration of this subject at the present time should insure the most liberal 
action on the part of Congress toward the World's Fair Chicago 1893. There is 
no probability that there will be another in this country, certainly not for the next 
twenty years. Great Britain proposes to have one in 1895 and France in 1900, and 
in all probability the advanced views of the Emperor of Germany will insure a 
World's Fair in Berlin in the meantime. 

Every nation, except our own, has made liberal appropriation for such exhibi- 
tion, increasing the amounts on the assurance thus received of their great value and 
profit to the nations where such World's Fairs were held. The appropriation for the 
exhibits of the different departments of government is all very well as showing 
the value of a working administration; but an appropriation of $1,000,000 to be 




THOMAS W. PALMER. 



CHICAGO, 1893. 63 



entirely expended in showing processes of manufacture, from the raw product to 
the completed fabric, would not only prove of practical money value to the nation, 
but would prove to be a source of interest, instruction and information such as this 
world has never before witnessed. Cotton in the boll on the plant, carried through 
all processes of ginning, weaving, dyeing, etc., until the completed goods shown 
ready for delivery ; wool on the back of the Merino sheep, and so on through all the 
steps necessary to present a manufactured roll of cloth. Treatment in the same way 
of glass, pottery, silk, ribbons, paper, tobacco, ice, brick, methods of printing, litho- 
graphing, plants for the manufacture of iron, steel, tinware, copper; all these are 
legitimate objects for presentation to the millions of our own people and foreigners 
visiting us in 1893, and no money appropriation would receive such united adhesion 
by the constituents of our representatives in Congress. To secure the proper 
organization of such a plan, immediate action is necessary, and there can be no 
question but that the leading manufacturers in these important branches, as well as 
many others, would co-operate to the general public advantage. The result of the 
action of Congress was the passage of the following bill : 

THE ACT OF CONGRESS CREATING THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN 

COMMISSION. 

An act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America 
by Christopher Columbus by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manu- 
factures and the products of the soil, mine and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the state of 
Illinois. 

Whereas, It is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth anniversary c$ the discovery of 
America be commemorated by an exhibition of the resources of the United States of America, 
their development, and of the progress of civilization in the New World; and 

Whereas, Such an exhibition should be of a national and international character, so that 
not only the people of our Union and this continent, but those of all nations as well, can 
participate, and should therefore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States; 
Therefore, 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assembled, That an exhibition of arts, industries and manufactures, and products of the 
soil, mine and sea shall be inaugurated in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, in the city 
of Chicago, in the state of Illinois, as hereinafter provided. 

Sec 2. That a commission, to consist of two commissioners from each state and territory 
of the United States and from the District of Columbia and eight commissioners at large, is 
herebv constituted to be designated as the World's Columbian Commission. 

Sec. 3. That said commissioners, two from each state and territory, shall be appointed 
within thirty days from the passage of this act by the President of the United States, on the 
nomination of the governors of the states and territories, respectively, and by the President 
eight commissioners at large and two from the District of Columbia; and in the same manner 
and within the same time there shall be appointed two alternate commissioners from each state 
and territory of the United States and the District of Columbia and eight alternate commissioners 
at large, who shall assume and perform the duties of such commissioner or commissioners as 
ma} - be unable to attend the meetings of the said commission ; and in such nominations and 
appointments each of the two leading political parties shall be equally represented. Vacancies 
in the commission nominated by the governors of the several states and territories, respectively, 
and rlso vacancies in the commission at large and from the District of Columbia, may be filled 
in the same manner and under the same conditions as provided herein for their original 
appointment. 

Sec. 4. That the Secretary of State of the United States shall, immediately after the 
passage of this act, notify the governors of the several states and territories, respectively, 
thereof, and request such nominations to be made. The commissioners so appointed shall be 



64 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



called together by the Secretary of State of the United States in the city of Chicago, by notice 
to the commissioners, as soon as convenient after the appointment of said commissioners, and 
within thirty days thereafter. The said commissioners, at said first meeting, shall organize by 
the election of such officers and the appointment of such committees as they may deem 
expedient, and for this purpose the commissioners present at said meeting shall constitute a 
quorum. 

Sec. 5. That said commission be empowered in its discretion to accept for the purposes of 
the World's Columbian Exposition such site as may be selected and offered, and such plans and 
specifications of buildings to be erected for such purpose, at the expense of and tendered by the 
corporation organized under the laws of the state of Illinois, known as "The World's Exposition 
of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-two," Provided, That said site so tendered and the buildings 
proposed to be erected thereon shall be deemed by said commission adequate to the purposes of 
said exposition; And provided, That said commission shall be satisfied that the said corporation 
has an actual bona fide and valid subscription to its capital stock, which will secure the payment 
of at least five millions of dollars, of which not less than five hundred thousand dollars shall 
have been paid in, and that the further sum of five million dollars, making in all ten million 
dollars, will be provided by said corporation in ample time for its needful use during the prose- 
cution of the work for the complete preparation for said exposition. 

Sec. 6. That the said commission shall allot space for exhibitors, prepare a classification 
for exhibits, determine the plan and scope of the exposition, and shall appoint all judges and 
examiners for the exposition, award all premiums, if any, and generally have charge of all 
intercourse with the exhibitors and the representatives of foreign nations. And said commission 
is authorized and required to appoint a board of lady managers of such number and to perform 
such duties as may be prescribed by said commission. Said board may appoint one or more 
members of all committees authorized to award prizes for exhibits, which may be produced in 
whole or in part by female labor. 

Sec. 7. That after the plans for said exposition shall be prepared by said corporation and 
approved by said commission, the rules and regulations of said corporation governing rates for 
entrance and admission fees, or otherwise affecting the rights, privileges or interests of the 
exhibitors or of the public, shall be fixed or established by said corporation, subject, however, to 
such modification, if any, as may be imposed by a majority of said commissioners. 

Sec. 8. That the President is hereby empowered and directed to hold a naval review in 
New York Harbor, in April, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and to extend to foreign nations 
an invitation to send ships of war to join the United States Navy in rendezvous at Hampdon 
Roads and proceed thence to said review. 

Sec. 9. That said commission shall provide for the dedication of the buildings of the 
World's Columbian Exposition in said city of Chicago on the twelfth day of October, eighteen 
hundred and ninety-two, with appropriate ceremonies, and said exposition shall be open to 
visitors not later than the first day of May, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and shall be 
closed at such time as the commission may determine, but not later than the thirtieth day of 
October thereafter. 

Sec. 10. That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by the com- 
mission that provision has been made for grounds and buildings for the uses herein provided 
for, and there has also been filed with him by the said corporation known as "The World's 
Exposition of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-two," satisfactory proof that a sum not less than 
ten million dollars, to be used and expended for the purposes of the exposition herein authorized, 
has in fact been raised or provided for by subscription or other legally binding means, he shall 
be authorized, through the Department of State, to make proclamation of the same, setting 
forth the time at which the exposition will open and close, and the place at which it will be held; 
and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies of the 
same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the commission, for publication in 
their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of the government and people, invite foreign 
nations to take part in the said exposition and appoint representatives thereto. 

Sec. 11. That all articles which shall be imported from foreign countries for the sole pur- 
pose of exhibition at said exposition, upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty, shall be 




COL. GEORGE R. DAVIS. 




BOARD OF TRADE, CHICAGO, 1890. 



CHICAGO, 1893. 65 



admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees or charges, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: but it shall be lawful at any time during the exhibition 
to sell for delivery at the close of the exposition any goods or property imported for and actually 
on exhibition in the exposition buildings or on its grounds, subject to such regulations for the 
security of the revenue and for the collection of the import duties as the Secretary of the 
Treasury shall prescribe: Provided, That all such articles when sold or withdrawn for consump- 
tion in the United States shall be subject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the 
revenue laws in force at the date of importation, and all penalties prescribed by law shall be 
applied and enforced against such articles, and against the persons who ma}' be guilty of any 
illegal sale or withdrawal. 

Sec. 12. That the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or as much thereof as may be necessary, 
be, and the same is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise 
appropriated, for the remainder of the present fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June 
thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary 
of the Treasury for purposes connected with the admission of foreign goods to said exhibition. 

Sec. 18. That it shall be the duty of the commission to make report from time to time to 
the President of the United States of the progress of the work, and, in a final report, present a 
full exhibit of the results of the exposition. 

Sec. 14. That the commission hereby authorized shall exist no longer than until the first 
day of January, eighteen hundred and ninet3'-eight. 

Sec. 15. That the United States shall not in any manner, nor under any circumstances, be 
liable for any of the acts, doings proceedings or representations of the said corporation organized 
under the laws of the state of Illinois, its officers, agents, servants, or employes, or any of them, 
or for the service, salaries, labor or wages of said officers, agents, servants or employes, or any 
of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or for any certificates of stock, bonds, 
mortgages, or obligations of any kind issued by said <_oi poration, or for any debts, liabilities, or 
expenses of any kind whatever attending such corporation or accruing by reason of the same. 

Sec. 16. That there shall be exhibited at said exposition, by the government of the United 
States, from its Executive Department, the Smithsonian Institution, the United States Fish 
Commission and the National Museum, such articles and materials as illustrate the function 
and administrative faculty of the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, 
tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the 
people; and to secure a complete and harmonious arrangement of such a government exhibit, a 
board shall be created to be charged with the selection, preparation, arrangement, safe-keeping 
and exhibition of such articles and materials as the heads of the several departments and 
the directors of the Smithsonian Institute and National Museum may respectively decide shall 
be embraced in said government exhibit. The President may also designate additional articles 
for exhibition. Such board shall be composed of one person to be named by the head of each 
executive department, and one by the directors of the Smithsonian Institution and National 
Museum, and one by the Fish Commission, such selections to be approved by the President of 
the Unitsd States. The President shall name the chairman of said board, and the board itself 
shall select such other officers as it ma}' deem necessary. 

That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to place on exhi- 
bition upon such grounds as shall be allotted for the purpose, one of the life-saving stations 
authorized to be constructed on the coast of the United States by existing law, and to cause the 
same to be fully equipped with all apparatus, furniture and appliances now in use in all life- 
saving stations in the United States, said building and apparatus to be removed at the close of 
the exhibition and re-erected at the place now authorized by law. 

Sec. 17. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause a suitable building or buildings 
to be erected on the site selected for the World's Columbian Exposition for the government 
exhibits, as provided in this act, and he is hereby authorized and directed to contract therefor, in 
the same manner and under the same regulations as for other public buildings of the United 
States; but the contract for said building or buildings shall not exceed the sum of four hundred 
thousand dollars, and for the remainder of the fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, there is hereby appropriated for said building or 
buildings, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of one hundred 
thousand dollars. The Secretary of the Treasury shall cause the said building or buildings to 
be constructed as far as possible of iron, steel and glass, or of such other material as may be 
taken out and sold to the best advantage; and he is authorized and required to dispose of such 
building or buildings, or the material composing the same, at the close of the exposition, giving 
preference to the city of Chicago, or to the said World's Exposition of Eighteen Hundred and 
Ninety-two, to purchase the same at an appraised value to be ascertained in such manner as he 
may determine. 

Sec. 18. That for the purpose of paying the expenses of transportation, care and custody 
of exhibits by the government and the maintenance of the building or buildings hereinbefore 
provided for, and the safe return of articles belonging to the said government exhibit, and for 
the expenses of the commission created by this act, and other contingent expenses, to be 
approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon itemized accounts and vouchers, there is 
hereby appropriated for the remainder of this fiscal year, and for the fiscal year ending June 
thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise 
appropriated, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary; 
Provided, That the United States shall not be liable, on account of the erection of buildings, 
expenses of the commission or any of its officers or employes, or on account of any expenses 
incident to or growing out of said exposition for a sum exceeding in the aggregate one million 
five hundred thousand dollars. 

Sec. 19. That the Commissioners and alternate Commissioners appointed under this act 
shall not be entitled to any compensation for their services out of the treasury of the United 
States, except their actual expenses for transportation and the sum of six dollars per day for 
subsistence for each day they are necessarily absent from their homes on the business of said 
commission. The officers of said commission shall receive such compensation as may be fixed 
by said commission, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, which shall be 
paid out of the sums appropriated by Congress in aid of such exposition. 

Sec. 20. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any liability of the 
United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, nor for any claim for aid 
or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the United States in support or 
liquidation of any debts or obligation created by said commission in excess of appropriations 
made by Congress therefor. 

Sec. 21. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to override or interfere with the 
laws of any state, and all contracts made in any state for the purposes of the exhibition shall be 
subject to the laws thereof. 

Sec. 22. That no member of said commission, whether an officer or otherwise, shall be 
personally liable for any debt or obligation which may be created or incurred by the said 
commission. 

Approved April .25, iSgo. 

In compliance with this act of Congress, the governors of the various states 
and territories nominated commissioners and alternates, and these gentlemen, 
together with the commissioners at large, as follows, met in Chicago, June 26, 1890. 

COMMISSIONERS AT LARGE. 

COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES. 

Augustus G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass. Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Maine. 

Gorton W. Allen, Auburn, New York. Louis Fitzgerald, New York, N. Y. 

Peter A. B. Widener, Philadelphia, Pa. John W- Chalfant, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Thomas W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich. James Oliver, South Bend, Ind. 

Richard C. Kerens, St. Louis, Mo. R. W. Furnas, Brownsville, Neb. 

William Lindsay, Frankfort, Ky. P. J. Walsh, Atlanta, Ga. 

Henry Exall, Dallas, Texas. H. L. King, San Antonio, Texas. 

Mark L. McDonald, Santa Rosa, Cal. Thomas Burke, Seattle, Wash. 




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CHICAGO, 1893. 



67 



COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATES. 
ALABAMA. 



COMMISSIONERS. 

Frederick G. Bromberg, Mobile. 
Oscar R. Hundley, Huntsville. 



John D. Adams, Little Rock. 
Lafayette Gregg, Fayetteville. 

Michel H. de Young, San Francisco. 
William Forsyth, Fresno. 

Roswell E. Goodell, Leadville. 
Frederick J. V. Skiff, Denver. 

Leverett Brainard, Hartford. 
Thomas M.Waller, New London. 

George V. Massey, Dover. 
Willard Hall Porter, Wilmington. 

Joseph Hirst, Tampa. 
Richard Turnbull, Monticello. 



Lafayette McLaws, Savannah. 
Charlton H. Way, Savannah. 



George A. Manning, Post Falls. 
John E. Stearns, Nampa. 



ALTERNATES. 

Gotthold L. Werth, Montgomery. 
William S. Hull, Sheffield. 

ARKANSAS. 

J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock. 
Thomas H. Leslie, Stuttgart. 

CALIFORNIA. 

George Hazleton, San Francisco. 
Russ D. Stephens, Sacramento. 

COLORADO. 

Henry B. Gillespie, Aspen. 
O. C. French, New Windsor. 

CON NBC TIC UT. 

Charles F. Brooker, Torrington. 
Charles R. Baldwin, Waterburv. 

DEL A WARE. 

Chas. F. Richards, Georgetown. 
William Saulsbury, Dover. 

FLORIDA. 

Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine. 
Jesse T. Bernard, Tallahassee. 

GEORGIA. 

• James Longstreet, Gainesville. 

John W. Clark, Augusta. 

IDAHO. 

A. J. Crook, Hailey. 
John M. Burke, Wardner. 

ILLINOIS. 



Charles H. Deere, Moline. La Fayette Funk, Shirley. 

Adlai T. Ewing, 38 Montauk Blk., Chicago. De Witt Smith, Springfield. 

INDIANA. 



Thomas E. Garvin, Evansville. 
Elijah B. Martindale, Indianapolis. 



William I. Buchanan, Sioux City. 
William F. King, Mt. Vernon. 



Charles K. Holliday, Jr., Topeka. 
Reese R. Price, Hutchinson. 



John Bennett, Richmond. 
James A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. 



Davidson B. Penn, Newellton. 
Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans. 



William E. McLean, Terre Haute. 
Charles M. Trevis, Crawfordsville. 

IOWA. 

Joseph Eiboeck, Des Moines. 
John Hayes, Red Oak. 

KANSAS. 

J- F. Thompson, Sabetha. 
Frank W. Lanyon, Pittsburg. 

KENTUCKT. 

David N. Comingore, Covingtor., 
John S. Morris, Louisville. 

LOUISIANA. 

Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans. 
P. O. McMahon, Janjipahoal. 



68 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



COMMISSIONERS. 

Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan. 
William G. Davis, Portland. 



James Hodges, Baltimore. 
Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland. 



Francis W. Breed, Lynn. 
Thomas E. Proctor, Boston. 



M. Henry Lane, Kalamazoo. 
Charles H. Richmond, Ann Arbor. 



Matthew B. Harrison, Duluth. 
Orson V. Tousley, Minneapolis. 



Joseph M. Bynum, Rienzi. 
Robert L. Saunders, Jackson. 



Thomas B. Bullene, Kansas City. 
Charles H. Jones, St. Louis. 



MAINE. 

ALTERNATES. 

James A. Boardman, Bangor. 
Clark S. Edwards, Bethel. 

MARYLAND. 

George M. Upshur, Snow Hill. 
Daniel E. Conkling, Baltimore. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

George P. Ladd, Spencer. 

Albert C. Houghton, North Adams. 

MICHIGAN. 

George H. Barbour, Detroit. 
Ernest B. Fisher, Grand Rapids. 

MINNESOTA. 

Thomas C. Kurtz, Moorhead. 
T L. Hunt, Mankato. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Fred W. Collins, Summit. 
Joseph H. Brinker, West Point. 

MISSOURI. 

O. H. Piecher, Joplin. 

R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. 

MONTANA. 

Benjamin F. White, Dillon. 



Lewis H. Hershfield, Helena. 

Armistead H. Mitchell, Deer Lodge City. Timothy E. Collins, Great Falls. 

NEBRASKA, 

William L. May, Fremont. 
John Lauterbach, Fairbury. 

NE VADA. 

Enoch Strother, Virginia City. 
Richard Ryland, Reno. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

George Van Dyke, Lancaster. 
Frank E. Kaley, Milrord. 



Euclid Martin, Omaha. 
Albert G. Scott, Kearney. 

John W. Haines, Genoa. 
George Russell, Elko. 



Walter Aiken, Franklin. 

Charles D. McDuffie, Manchester. 



William J. Sewell, Camden. 
Thomas Smith, Newark. 



Chauncey M. Depew, New York. 
John Boyd Thacher, Albany. 



Alexander B. Andrews, Raleigh. 
Thomas B. Keogh, Greensboro. 



H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks. 
Martin Ryan, Fargo. 



NEW JERSEY. 

Frederick S. Fish, Newark. 
Edwin A. Stevens, Hoboken. 

NEW YORK. 

James H. Breslin, New York. 
James Roosevelt, Hyde Park. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Elias Can-, Old Sparta. 
G. A. Bingham, Salisbury. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

Charles H. Stanley, Steele. 
Peter Cameron, Tyner. 



CHICAGO, 1893. 



69 



OHIO. 



COMMISSIONERS. 

Harvey P. Piatt, Toledo. 
William Ritchie, Hamilton. 



Henry Klippel, Jacksonville. 
Martin Wilk'ins, Eugene City. 



William McClelland, Pittsburgh. 
John W. Woodside, Philadelphia. 



Lyman B. Goff, Pawtucket. 
Gardner C. Sims, Providence. 



A. P. Butler, Columbia. 
John R. Cochran, AndeFson. 



Merritt H. Day, Rapid City. 
William Mclntvre, Watertown. 



Louis T. Baxter, Nashville. 
Thomas L. Williams, Knoxville. 



Archelaus M. Cochran, Dallas. 
John T. Dickinson, Austin. 



Henry H. Mclntvre, West Randolph. 
Bradley B. Smaller, Burlington. 



Virginius D. Groner, Norfolk. 
John T. Harris, Harrisonburg. 



Henry Drum, Tacoma. 

Charles B. Hopkins, Spokane Falls. 



James D. Butt, Harper's Ferry. 
J. W. St. Clair, Fayettville. 



Phillip Allen, Jr., Mineral Point. 
John L. Mitchell, Milwaukee. 



Asahel C. Beckwith, Evanston. 
Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne. 



ALTERNATES. 

Lucius C. Cron, Piqua. 
Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati. 



OREGON. 

J. L. Morrow, Heppner. 
W. T. Wright, Union. 

PENNSTL VAN I A. 

R. Bruce Ricketts, Wilkesbarre. 
John K. Hallock, Erie. 



RHODE ISLAND. 



Jeffrey Hazard, Providence. 
Lorillard Spencer, Newport. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

E. L. Roche, Charlston. 
J. W. Tindell, Sumter. 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 



S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket. 
L. S. Bullard, Pierre. 

TENNESSEE. 

Rush Strong, Knoxville. 
A. B. Hurt, Chattanooga. 

TEXAS. 

Lock McDaniel, Anderson. 
Henry B. Andrews, San Antonio. 

VERMONT. 

Aldace F. Walker, Rutland. 
Hiram Atkins, Montpelier. 

VIRGINIA. 

Charles A. Heermans, Christiansburg. 
Alexander McDonald, Lynchburg. 

WASHING TON. 

William Bingham, Cheney. 
Clarence B. Bagley, Seattle. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

M.J. Finley, Wheeling. 
Wellington Vrooman, Parkersburg. 

WISCONSIN. 

Gustavus E. Gordon, Koshkonong. 
Myron Reed, Superior. 

WYOMING. 

Asa S. Mercer, Cheyenne. 
John J. McCormick, Sheridan. 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



TERRITORIES. 
ARIZONA. 

COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES. 

George F. Coats, Phoenix. W. L. Van Horn, Flagstaff. 

William Zeckendorf, Tucson. Herbert H. Logan, Phoenix. 

NEW MEXICO. 
Thomas C. Gutierres, Albuquerque. Charles B. Eddy, Eddy. 

Richard Mansfield White, Hermosa, Sierra Co. Louis C. Tetard, East Las Vegas. 

OKLAHOMA. 

Othniel Beeson, Reno City. Joseph W. McNiel, Guthrie. 

John D. Miles, Kingfisher. John Wallace, Oklahoma City. 

UTAH. 
Frederick J. Kiesel, Ogden. William M. Ferry, Park City. 

Patrick H. Lannan, Salt Lake City. Charles Crane, Kanosh. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
Alexander T. Britton, Washington. E. Kurtz Johnson, Washington. 

Albert A. Wilson, Washington. Dorsey Claggett, Washington. 

The first meeting was called to order by Commissioner Adlai T. Ewing, of 
Illinois, at the request of the Department of State, on Friday, June 27. Thomas 
W. Palmer, from Michigan, was unanimously elected president. 

THE PRESIDENT. 

Hon. Thomas Witherell Palmer, the President of the World's Columbian 
Commission, was born in Detroit, Mich., June 25, 1830, being now in the prime of 
life. He comes from New England by descent, his father, Thomas Palmer, having 
been born in the town of Ashford, Windham county, Conn., in 1789. Thomas 
Palmer emigrated to the west, and in 1809 was carrying on a lucrative trading 
business in the town of Detroit, with the Indians on the frontier. The mother of 
the subject of our sketch was born in Rhode Island, and a direct descendent from 
Roger Williams. Her father was a native of Mansfield, Mass., and served as a 
private at the battle of Bunker Hill. He was appointed by President Jefferson 
judge of the territory of Michigan, and in his official capacity became acquainted 
with the celebrated Chief Tecumseh, for whose good qualities he had the highest 
appreciation. Judge Witherell was more intimately associated with the early 
history of Detroit than any other man. Thus has been secured the very best class 
of ability to preside over and direct the World's Fair Commission for 1893. 
Senator Palmer has every right to feel proud of such an ancestry. He received 
his education at St. Clair College and the University of Michigan, graduating at 
the latter institution. He made with some friends a pedestrian tour through Spain, 
and thus became familiar with a people and country to which he was later 
accredited as minister from the United States. On his return he entered into 
mercantile life in Wisconsin and later in Detroit, where he has since resided, 
securing to himself the universal good will and esteem of his fellow citizens, of 
both city and state. He became active in state politics, serving as a member of the 
board of estimates and also as state senator. He was elected United States senator 
from Michigan and served for six years, to the great advantage of his native state 
and the interests of the great west. Senator Palmer was elected president of the 
water-ways convention held in Sault Sainte Marie, under the auspices of the 



CHICAGO, 1893. 71 



Duluth Chamber of Commerce, in August, 1887, to consider the condition of 
affair resulting from the increase of commerce between Lake Superior and the 
lower lakes, an important position, which he filled with much credit. In 1889 he 
received his appointment as minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the 
court of Spain, connected to him with memories of his youth, and now for the third 
time brought so closely to his attention as presiding officer in the 400th anniversary 
of the discovery of America by a Spanish citizen. 

At the first meeting of the World's Columbian Commission, held in Chicago, 
Tune 26, 1890, Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, was unanimously elected 
president and at once took the chair and its duties, presiding at tile first meeting. 
Senator Palmer has taken hold of this great enterprise with his usual energy and 
a conviction of success, which nothing can shake and no obstacle deter, and his 
fellow citizens all over tins continent look to the labors of himself and his associates 
as the means of making the World's Fair Chicago 1893 an era in this world's 
history. 

The following extracts are taken from the eloquent address of President 
Palmer at the banquet given to the Columbian Commission by the States Associa- 
tion, on June 26th, at the Palmer House, Chicago: 

* * * Education is the chief safeguard for the future, not education through books 
alone, but through the commingling of our people from East, West, North and South, from 
farm and factory. Such great convocations as that of our projected fair are the schools wherein 
our people shall touch elbows, and the men and women from Maine and Texas, from Wash- 
ington and South Carolina, learn to realize that all are of one blood, speak the same language, 
worship one God, and salute the same flag. 

If we are to remain a free people, if the States are to retain their autonomy, if we are to 
take a common pride in the name of American, if we are to avoid the catastrophe of former 
years Americans must commingle, be brought in contact and acquire that mutual S3 r mpathy that 
is essential in a harmonious family. Isolated, independent travel may do this, but not to any 
such extent as will be accomplished by gatherings like this, where millions will concentrate to 
consult and compare the achievements of each other and of those from across the sea. All 
must have observed the effect of the Centennial Exhibition in educating even what are called 
educated people, and in the impetus derived therefrom. It gave to all a larger outlook, it 
repressed egotism, quickened sympathies, and set us to thinking. 

It has been well said that " Industrial expositions are the mile stones of progress, the 
measure of the dimensions of the productive activity of the human race. They cultivate taste, 
they bring nations closer to one another, and thus promote civilization, they awaken new wants 
and lead to an increased demand, they contribute to a taste for art and thus encourage the genius 
of artists." 

And this is civilization — a process by which the citizens of each State, foreign as well as 
domestic, will learn their inter-dependence upon each other. Many will come from selfish 
motives, possibly, but the social atmosphere they will here breathe; that undefinable influence 
which pervades and affects people who come together in masses with a common purpose, will 
broaden them and teach them that discussion and not violence is the proper way to adjust 
differences or promote objects — and thus prepare humanity for that good time so long coming. 

The world will come to us, by its representatives if not en masse, and our own people 
should be drawn to this great school of the citizen by every device which can be imagined and 
afforded, while it remains for all connected with this management to see that no just expectation 
shall be disappointed. 

In other times there were convocations where the spirit of rivalry and comparison 
appeared, but in them few were invited to participate and only a limited number of spectators 
could afford to attend. In those tournaments muscle was of more importance than mind. 
Those exhibitions taught how to destroy, and not how to create. The rivalry now is in methods 
to create and not to destroy, and the knights who participate are those of the active brain and 



72 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



cunning hand, whose spectators and judges are the better behaved and better educated citizens 
of to-day. 

This exposition — on a new site, in a new world — assumes greater dimensions than a market 
for merchandise or than figures of finance. We should make it a Congress of the nations 
wherein agriculture, manufactures and commerce should be the handmaids of ideas — where art 
should paint the allegory of peace and chisel the statue fraternity — where music should play a 
dirge to dead hates and an epithalamium on the marriage of the nations. 

Our country has led the advance in peaceful arbitration. The Geneva Commission, the 
Fisheries Commission in the settlement of difficulties already existing — the Pan-American 
Congress has opened the way for the peaceful settlement of questions that may arise hereafter 
to the people of the hemisphere. I regard these three great achievements of our capital govern- 
ment as more illustrious than any act of any government since our great Civil War. 

Let the Exposition be fruitful in profit, not only to the exhibitors, but to all comers, and 
that they shall carry away a higher conception of the duty of the citizen and the mission of the 
State. Our material power is very great, too great for us to act on any other plane than the 
highest. Our resources and capacity to meet our financial obligations are a wonder to the powers 
of the old world. It should be our aim to make our moral altitude on all public questions, 
national or inter-national, as unassailable as our monetary credit. Our bonds are higher in the 
markets of the world than any other — our opinions and acts should, relatively, hold as high a 
place. 

The first 400 years have passed — they have been illuminated by the heroic deeds of men 
and women, and shaded by crimes national and individual. The descendants of the Puritai and 
Cavalier, of the Huguenot and the Catholic, of the slave and the Indian, together with those 
from other continents and the isles of the sea, meet in peaceful rivalry where the forest fades 
away and the prairie expands. 

At last we are a nation with common inheritance. Lexington and Yorktown, Bunker Hill 
and Eutaw Springs, Saratoga and Guildford Court House, New Orleans and Plattsburg are our 
common glory. 

We have people to the North and South who can be linked to us with hooks of steel if we 
continue to retain their respect and confidence. I want no forcible additions to our territory, 
were it practicable. I want them to come as a bride comes to her husband — in love and confi- 
dence — and because they wish to link their fortunes with ours, to make their daily walk by our 
side. To bring about this consummation, will be the work of time, of forbearance, of rigid 
observance of their rights, of due regard for their prejudices, of an unselfish desire for well- 
fare — wherein all the amenities of life shall be cultivated. We must enforce their respect by 
order at our own home and show them that our composite civilization — wherein we select all 
that is good from abroad and retain all that is good in our own, is calculated to make them also 
happier and greater. 

Should this occasion, this National Exposition, promote such a purpose as if we are rightly 
inspired — this meeting of all peoples would be more than a financial success — more than a vain 
commercial triumph. It would emphasize the new era which I hope is dawning and take the 
initiative in what may result in the federation of this hemisphere. 

John T. Dickinson, commissioner from Texas, was elected permanent secretary. 

THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

Colonel George R. Davis, unanimously selected as Director-General of the 
World's Fair Chicago 1893, has in every way a national reputation, having served 
in the councils of the nation as well as on the battle field. He was born at Three 
Rivers, Palmer, Mass., in 1840; received his education first in the public schools of 
Ware, Mass., where his father and grandfather had lived for over 100 years, and 
graduated at Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Mass., in 1860. At the com- 
mencement of the war, young Davis volunteered and served in the Army of the 
Potomac and Army of the Gulf, being promoted to the rank of major in 1863, 
with command of his regiment. His services in connection with the important 




LYMAN J. GAGE. 



CHICAGO, 1893. 



73 



business of transportation were so valuable that he was placed in charge of that 
department, and when Gen. Sheridan changed his station from the command of 
the Department of the Gulf to that of the Missouri, Col. Davis jjroceeded with 
headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and later he moved with headquarters 
to Chicago. His record in the army in connection with the difficult duties of the 
Quartermaster's Department of the Army is much to his credit, as he indicated a 
natural aptitude for rapid and thorough organization, which has specially fitted him 
for his present important position. Col. Davis resigned from the service in 1871, 
and went into business in Chicago in connection with the financial management of 
some of the largest insurance companies in the United States, with great success to 
their several interests. In 1878 Col. Davis was elected to Congress, was re-elected 
in 1S80 and 1882, and served in the XL Vlth, XLVIIth and XLVIIIth Congresses. 
In the fall of 1886 he was elected treasurer of Cook county by nearly 10,000 
majority, which office he now holds, his term of service expiring December 1st. 
It was largely through the unremitting labors of Col. Davis that the success of 
the World's Fair in Chicago has been so far insured, and his present position and 
its consequent responsibilities are fully appreciated by one whose experience and 
reputation are a guarantee of the most favorable results. 

On Saturday, June 28, the organization of the World's Columbian Commission 
was completed, with the following result: 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 

President Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan. 

Director-General George R. Davis, of Illinois. 

First Vice-President Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut. . 

Second Vice-President M. H. De Young, of California. 

Third Vice-President Davidson B. Penn, of Louisiana. 

Fourth Vice-President Gorton W. Allen, of New York. 

Fifth Vice-President Alexander B. Andrews, of North Carolina. 

Secretary John T. Dickinson, of Texas. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

President T. W. Palmer, Chairman. M. B. Harrison, Minnesota. 

M. L. McDonald, Commissioner-at-Large. James D. Butt, West Virginia. 

R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-Large. Adlai T. Ewing, Illinois. 

Henry Exall, Commissioner-at-Large. William F. King, Iowa. 

P. A. B. Widener, Commissioner-at-Large. H. P. Piatt, Ohio. 

John T. Harris, Virginia. L. McLaws, Georgia. 

William J. Sewell, New Jersey. T. L. Williams, Tennessee. 

B. B. Smalley, Vermont. Joseph Hirst, Florida. 

E. B. Martindale, Indiana. R. L. Saunders, Mississippi. 

John Boyd Thatcher, New York. L. H. Hershfield, Montana. 

Francis W. Breed, Massachusetts. R. E. Goodell, Colorado. 

Euclid Martin, Nebraska. A. T. Britton, District of Columbia. 

Reese R. Price, Kansas. James A. McKenzie, Kentuckj'. 

COMMITTEE ON JUDICIARY, RULES AND BY-LAWS. 

William Lindsay, Commissioner-at-Large, B. B. Smalley, Vermont. 

Chairman. L. Gregg, Arkansas. 

G. V. Massey, Delaware. O. R. Hundley, Alabama. 

J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia. P. Allen, Jr., Wisconsin, 
William J. Sewell, New Jersey. 



74 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



COMMITTEE ON TARIFFS AND TRANSPORTATION. 



V. D. Groner, Virginia, Chairman. 

W. Aiken, New Hampshire. 

C. M. Depew, New York. 

W. McClelland, Pennsylvania. 

M. H. Lane, Michigan. 

J. D. Adams, Arkansas. 

L. Brainard, Connecticut. 

A. B. Andrews, North Carolina. 



L. Lowndes, Maryland. 
O. R. Hundley, Alabama. 
J. W. Haines, Nevada. 
G. C. Sims, Rhode Island. 
II. H. Mclntyre, Vermont. 
T. C. Gutierres, New Mexico. 
H. P. Rucker, North Dakota. 
E. Martin, Nebraska. 



COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS. 



C. M. Depew, New York, Chairman. 
Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut. 
G. V. Massey, Delaware. 
A. A. Wilson, District of Columbia. 



R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-Large. 

C. H. Way, Georgia. 
M. H. Lane, Michigan. 

D. B. Penn, Louisiana. 



COMMITTEE ON FINE ARTS. 



A. G. Bullock, Commissioner-at-Large, 

Chairman. 
C. M. Depew, New York. 
A. A. Wilson, District of Columbia. 
O. V. Tousley, Minnesota. 



W. I. Buchanan, Iowa. 
M. H. de Young, California. 
James Hodges, Maryland. 
T.J. Woodward, Louisiana. 



COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, HISTORY, LITERATURE AND EDUCATION. 
O. V. Tousley, Minnesota, Chairman. T. J. Woodward, Louisiana. 



A. C. Beck with, Wyoming. 
F. G. Bromberg, Alabama. 
C. H.Jones, Missouri. 



A. G. Bullock, Commissioner-at-Large. 

W. F. King, Iowa. 

J. A. McKenzie, Kentucky. 



COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE. 



W. I. Buchanan, Iowa, Chairman. 

L. T. Baxter, Tennessee. 

R. Turnbull, Florida. 

A. M. Cochran, Texas. 

J. L. Mitchell, Wisconsin. 

J. W. Haines, Nevada. 

D. B. Penn, Louisiana. 

J. M. Bynum, Mississippi. 



A. P. Butler, South Carolina. 
A. G. Scott, Nebraska. 
O. Beeson, Oklahoma. 
H. H. Mclntyre, Vermont. 
J. D. Adams, Arkansas. 
M. Wilkins, Oregon. 
William Forsyth, California. 
F. J. V. Skiff,' Colorado. 



COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 



J. L. Mitchell, Wisconsin, Chairman. 

John Bennett, Kentucky. 

T. E. Proctor, Massachusetts. 

G. A. Manning, Idaho. 

G. Russell, Nevada. 

E. B. Martindale, Indiana. 

II. Drum, Washington. 

J. D. Miles, Oklahoma. 



T. C. Gutierres, New Mexico. 
H. P. Rucker, North Dakota. 
II. Exall, Commissioner-at-Large. 
L. T. Baxter, Tennessee. 
A. H. Mitchell, Montana. 
W. Mclntyre, South Dakota. 
A. T. Ewing, Illinois. 
H. G. Hay, Wyoming. 



COMMITTEE ON HORTICULTURE AND FLORICULTURE. 



W. Forsyth, California, Chairman. 

G. A. Manning, Idaho. 

W. H. Porter, Delaware. 

C. D. McDuffie, New Hampshire. 



R. Turnbull, Florida. 
J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania. 
C. II. Richmond, Michigan. 
J. R. Cochran, South Carolina. 



CHICAGO, 1898. 



T. E. Garvin, Indiana. 
F. J. V. Skiff, Colorado. 
W. Zeckendorf, Arizona. 
A. R. Bixbv, Maine. 



J. Hodges, Maryland. 
C. H. Deere, Illinois. 
F. J. Kiesel, Utah. 
P. Allen, Jr., Wisconsin. 



COMMITTEE ON FINANCE. 



Charles H. Jones, Missouri, Chairman. 
L. H. Hershfield, Montana. 
James Hodges, Maryland. 
H. H. Mclntvre, Vermont. 



A. B. Andrews, North Carolina. 
A. R. Bixby, Maine. 
J. T. Harris, Virginia. 
P. H. Lannan, Utah. 



COMMITTEE ON AUDITING. 



T. E. Garvin, Indiana, Chairman. 
P. Allen, Jr., Wisconsin. 



C. K. Holliday, Jr., Kansas. 
J. D. Butt, West Virginia. 



COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 



J. D. Adams, Arkansas, Chairman. 
P. A. B. Widener, Commissioner-at- Large. 
William Lindsay, Commissioner-at Large. 
V. D. Groner, Virginia. 



C. H. Richmond, Michigan. 

G. W. Allen, Commissioner-at-Large. 

M. B. Harrison, Minnesota. 

R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-Large. 



COMMITTEE ON CLASSIFICATION. 



C. H. Deere, Illinois, Chairman. 
W. McClelland, Pennsylvania. 
L. B. Goff, Rhode Island. 
M. Ryan, North Dakota. 
M. H. de Young, California. 
T. L. Williams, Tennessee. 
A. M. Cochran, Texas. 
T. Smith, New Jersey. 



T. B. Keogh, North Carolina. 

C. H. Way, Georgia. 

J. D. Miles, Oklahoma. 

H. P. Piatt, Ohio. 

G. F. Coates, Arizona. 

A. C. Beckwith, Wyoming. 

J. Hirst, Florida. 

T. E. Garvin, Indiana. 



COMMITTEE ON MANUFACTURES. 



L. Brainard, Connecticut, Chairman. 

T. E. Proctor, Massachusetts. 

T. E. Bullene, Missouri. 

W. McClelland, Pennsylvania. 

R. M. White, New Mexico. 

W. H. Porter, Delaware. 

C. H. Deere, Illinois. 

T. Smith, New Jersey. 



W. Ritchie, Ohio. 

G. C. Sims, Rhode Island. 

L. McLaws, Georgia. 

W. Aiken, New Hampshire. 

J. M. Bynum, Mississippi. 

F.J. Kiesel, Utah. 

Wm. Mclntyre, South Dakota. 

W. Zeckendorf, Arizona. 



COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE. 



L. Lowndes, Maryland, Chairman. 

J. B. Thacher, New York. 

J. M. Bynum, Mississippi. 

T. M. Waller, Connecticut. 

L. B. Goff, Rhode Island. • 

1. E. Proctor, Massachusetts. 

M. Wilkins, Oregon. 

R. Turnbull, Florida. 



George V. Massey, Delaware. 

H. Exall, Commissioner-at-Large. 

J. R. Cochran, South Carolina. 

H. P. Piatt, Ohio. 

T. J. Woodward, Louisiana. 

H. Drum, Washington. 

C. D. McDuffie, New Hampshire. 

C. H. Way, Georgia. 



76 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



COMMITTEE ON MINES AND MINING. 



F.J. V. Skiff, Colorado, Chairman. 

M. H. Day, South Dakota. 

L T. Baxter, Tennessee. 

J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia. 

J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania. 

A. H. Mitchell, Montana. 

L. Lowndes, Maryland. 

G. Russell, Nevada. 



F. G. Bromberg, Alabama. 
J. E. Stearns, Idaho. 

G. F. Coats, Arizona. 

C. H. Richmond, Michigan. 

P. H. Lannan, Utah. 

H. Drum, Washington. 

R. M. White, New Mexico. 

M. L. McDonald, Commissioner-at-Large. 



COMMITTEE ON FISHERIES AND FISH CULTURE. 



A. R. Bixby, Maine, Chairman. 
A. P. Butler, South Carolina. 
W.J. Sewell, New Jersey. 
R. E. Goodell, Colorado. 



C. B. Hopkins, Washington. 
R. L. Saunders, Mississippi. 
M. H. Lane, Michigan. 
H. Klippel, Oregon. 



COMMITTEE ON ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES. 



G. C. Sims, Rhode Island, Chairman. 

C. B. Hopkins, Washington. 

M. Ryan, North Dakota. 

G. W. Allen, Commissioner-at-Large. 



W. G. Davis, Maine. 
F. W. Breed, Massachusetts. 
O. R. Hundley, Alabama. 
R. R. Price, Kansas. 



COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY AND LUMBER. 



J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia, Chairman. 
R. M. White, New Mexico 
W. G. Davis, Maine. 
A. G. Scott, Nebraska. 



H. Klippel, Oregon. 

L. Gregg, Arkansas. 

R. L. Saunders, Mississippi. 

H. G. Hay, Wyoming. 



COMMITTEE ON MACHINERY. 



William Ritchie, Ohio, Chairman. 
W. H. Porter, Delaware. 
John Bennett, Kentucky. 
W. Forsyth, California. 



L. B. Goff, Rhode Island. 
M. H. Day, South Dakota. 
T. B. Bullene, Missouri. 
O. Beeson, Oklahoma. 



COMMITTEE ON WORLD'S CONGRESSES. 



J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania, Chairman. 

C. H. Jones, Missouri. 

John Bennett, Kentucky. 

A. A. Wilson, District of Columbia. 



F. G. Bromberg, Alabama. 
J. B. Thacher, New York. 
O. V. Tousley, Minnesota. 
B. B. Smalley, Vermont. 



C. K. Holliday, Jr , Kansas, Chairman. 
T. B. Keogh, North Carolina. 
J. T. Harris, Virginia. 



COMMITTEE ON PRINTING. 

P. H. Lannan, Utah. 
J. E. Stearns, Idaho. 



T. B. Bullene, Missouri. 



LADY MANAGERS AND THEIR ALTERNATES. 

APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT. 

Mrs. Potter Palmer; Alternate, Miss Sara T. Hallowell. 

Mrs. Walter Q. Gresham ; Alternate, Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr. 

Mrs. J. S. Lewis; Alternate, Miss Julia B. Shattuck. 

Mrs. M. A. Mulligan; Alternate, Mrs. Annie C. Meyers. 

Miss Frances Dickinson, M. D.; Alternate, Mrs. A. H. Ten Eyck. 



CHICAGO, 1893. 77 



Mrs. M. R. M. Wallace; Alternate, Mrs. M.J. Sandes. 
Mrs. Myron B. Bradwell; Alternate, Mrs. Leander Stone. 
Mrs. Clara M. Doolittle; Mrs. Gen. Arthur H. Chetlain. 
Mrs. Matilda R. Carse; Alternate, Miss Frances Willard. 

APPOINTED AT LAKGE. 

California — Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, New York City. 

Kentucky — Mrs. James Edwards Cantrill, Georgetown; Alternate, Mrs. Nancy Houston Banks, 
Morganfield. 

Massachusetts — Miss Mary S. Lockwood, Washington, D. C. 

Michigan — Mrs. John J. Bagley, Detroit. 

Missouri — Miss Ellen Ford, New York City. 

Ne-Jj York — Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, Washington, D. C; Alternate, Miss Caroline E. Dennis, 
Auburn, N. Y. 

Pennsylvania — Mrs. Sidney F. Taylor, Philadelphia; Alternate, Mrs. Geo. R. Yarrow, Phil- 
adelphia. 

Texas — Mrs. Rosine Ryan, Austin; Alternate, Mrs. L. C. Baxter, Novasoto. 

APPOINTED FROM THE STATES. 
Alabama — tf 
Arkansas — Mrs. James P. Eagle, Little Rock; Alternate, Mrs. John H. Rogers, Fort Smith. 

Mrs. R. A. Edgerton, Little Rock. 
California — Mrs. Parthenia P. Rue; Alternate, Mrs. Theresa Fair, San Francisco. Mrs. James 

R. Deane; Alternate, Mrs. Walter Turnbull. 
Colorado — Miss Mary A. Samson, Pueblo; Altertiate, Mrs. Robert J. Colman, Buena Vista. 

Mrs. E. M. Ashley, Denver; Alternate, Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, Pueblo. 
Connecticut — Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker. 
Delaware — Mrs. Mary Richards Kinder, Milford; Alternate, Mrs. Mary E. Torbert, Milford. 

Miss Ida M. Ball, Wilmington ; Alternate, Mrs. Amelia E. Armstrong, Newark. 
Florida— -Mrs. M. C. Bell, Gainesville; Alternate, Mrs. Chloe M. Reed, South Jacksonville. Miss 

E. Nellie Beck, Tampa; Alternate, Mrs. H. K. Ingram, Jacksonville. 
Georgia — Mrs. W. H. Felton, Centerville; Alternate, Miss Meta T. McLaws, Augusta. Mrs. 

Chas. H. Olmstead, Savannah; Alternate, Mrs. Geo. W. La Mar, Savannah. 
Idaho — Mrs. Geo. L. Shoup, Boise City ; Alternate, Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnum, Post Falls. Mrs. 

Jos. C. Strough, Boise City ; Alternate, Mrs. Joseph B. Miller, Blackfoot. 
Illinois— Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart; Alternate, Mrs. Frank W. Gould, Moline. Mrs. 

Henry M. Shepard, Chicago; Alternate, Mrs. Isaac N. Phillips, Bloomington. 
Indiana — Miss Wilhelmine Reitz, Evansville; Alternate, Miss Sue Ball, Terre Haute. Mrs. 

Virginia C. Meredith, Cambridge City; Alternate, Miss Mary H. Krout, Crawfordsville. 
Iowa — Mrs. Whitney S. Clark, Des Moines; Alternate, Mrs. Ira D. Hendricks, Council Bluffs. 
Kansas — Hester A. Hanback, Osborne. 
Louisiana — Miss Kate Minor, Houma, Terre Bonne Parish; Alternate, Mrs. Bowling S. Leathers, 

New Orleans. Miss Josephine Shakspeare, New Orleans; Alternate, Mrs. Belle M. Per- 
kins, New Orleans. 
Maine — 
Maryland — Mrs. Emily McKim Reed, Baltimore; Alternate, Mrs. Mary M. Brichead, Baltimore 

Mrs. E. S. Thomson, Mt. Savage. 
Massachusetts — 
Michigan — Mrs. Eliza J. Howes, Battle Creek; Mrs. Sarah C. Angell, Ann Arbor; Alternate 

Miss Anna M. Cutcheon, Detroit. 
Minnesota — Mrs. Mary Allen Aulbert, Duluth; Alternate, Mrs. Francis B. Clarke, St Paul. 

Mrs. Susan F. Brown, Minneapolis; Alternate, Mrs. Florence Williams, Little Falls. 
Mississippi — Mrs. Morgia R. Lee, Aberdeen; Alternate, Mrs. B. Buchanan, Holly Springs. 

Mrs. Mary Stone, Iuka; Alternate, Miss Varina Davis, Beauvoir. 
Missouri — Miss Phcebe Cousins, St. Louis; Alternate, Miss Patti Moore, Kansas City. 
Montana — Mrs. Conrad Kohrs, Deer Lodge City; Alternate, Mrs. Frank L. Worden, Missoula. 

Mrs. J. K. Toole, Helena; Alternate, Mrs. Walter Cooper, Bozeman. 



78 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



Nebraska — Mrs. J. S. Briggs, Omaha; Alternate, Mrs. M. A. B. Martin, Broken Bow. Mrs. S. 
C. Langworthy, Seward; Alternate, Mrs. Laura A. Bates, Aurora. 

Nevada — Lida M. Russell, Elko; Miss Mary E. Davies, Genoa. Mrs. Ellen M. Stevenson. 
Carson City; Alternate, Mrs. M. D. Foley, Reno. 

New Hampshire — Mrs. Daniel Hall, Dover; Alternate, Mrs. William S. Ladd. Lancaster. 

New Jersey — Mrs. Martha B. Stevens, Hoboken; Alternate, Mrs. Amanda M. Smith, Newark. 

Nexv York — Mrs. Lloyd Brice, New York City; Alternate, Mrs. Bourke Cochran, New York 
City. 

North Carolina — Mrs. George W. Kidder, Wilmington; Alternate, Mrs. R. R. Cotton, Falk- 
land, Pitt County. Mrs. Charles Price, Salisbury; Alternate, Miss Stella Divine, Wilming- 
ton. 

North Dakota — Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin, Grand Forks; Alternate, Mrs. W. D. Brown, Lisbon. 
Mrs. W. B. McConnell, Fargo; Alternate, Mrs. Frances C. Holley, Bismarck. 

Ohio — 

Oregon — Mrs. E. W. Allen, Portland; Alternate, Mrs Anna R. Riggs, Portland. Mrs. Mary 
Payton, Salem ; Alternate, Mrs. S. P. Sladden, Eugene City. 

Pennsylvania — Miss Mary E. McCandless, Pittsburgh; Alternate, Mrs. Nellie B. Plumer, 
Franklin. Mrs. J. Lucas, Philadelphia; Alternate, Mrs. Mouise Elkins, Philadelphia. 

Rhode Island — Mrs. Amy M. Starkweather, Pawtucket; Mrs. Charlotte F. Dailey, Providence; 
Alternate, Loraine T. Bucklin, Providence. 

South Carolina — Mrs. Mary Preston Darby ^ Alternate, Mrs. J. S. R. Thompson. 

South Dakota — Mrs. John R. Wilson, Deadwood; Alternate, Mrs. E. C. Daniels, Watertown. 
Mrs. H. M. Barker, Huron; Alternate, Mrs. Marie Gaston, Rapid City. 

Tennessee — Mrs. Laura C. Gillespie, Nashville; Alternate, Mrs. Carrington Mason, Memphis. 
Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Knoxville; Alternate, Mrs. Bessie Bowen McClung, Knoxville. 

Texas — Mary A. Cochran, Dallas; Alternate, Mrs. Lock McDaniel, Anderson. Mrs. Ida L. 
Turner, Fort Worth ; Alternate, Miss Hattie Harrison, Waco. 

Vermont — Mrs. Ellen M. Chandler, Pomfret; Alternate, Mrs. Geo. W. Hooker, Brattleboro. 

Virginia — Miss Mildred Lee, Lexington; Alternate, Mrs. John Sergeant Wise, Richmond; 
Mrs. Kate Paul, Harrisonburg; Alternate, Miss Mattie P. Harris, Staunton. 

Washington — Mrs. M. D. Owings, Olympia; Alternate, Mrs. C. W. Griggs, Tacoma. Mrs. Alice 
Houghton, Spokane Falls; Alternate, Miss Helen Josephine Stinson, Colfax. 

West Virginia— Mrs. W. Newton Lunch, Martinsburg; Alternate, Mrs. G. W. Z. Black, Hall- 
town. Miss Lillie June Jackson ; Alternate, Miss A. M. Mahon. 

Wisconsin — Mrs. George C. Ginty, Chippewa Falls; Alternate, Mrs. S. S. Fifield, Ashland. 
Mrs. William P. Lynde, Milwaukee; Alternate, Mrs. J. M. Smith, Mineral Point. 

Wyoming — Mrs. Francis Hale, Cheyenne; Alternate, Miss Gertrude M. Huntington. 

Arizona — Mrs. T. J. Butler, Prescott; Alternate, Mrs. Martha Hoxworth, Flagstaff. Miss 
Laurette Lovell, Tucson ; Alternate, Mrs. H. J. Peto, Tombstone. 

New Mexico — Mrs. J. G. Allbright, Albuquerque; Mrs. Edward L. Bartlett; Alternate, Mrs. 
Franklin G. Campbell. 

Oaklahoma — Mrs. A. P. Beeson, Reno City; Alternate, Mrs. Julia Wallace, Oaklahoma City. 
Mrs. Lucy Davis Miles, Kingfisher; Alternate, Mrs. Mary S. McNeal, Guthrie. 

Utha — Mrs. Thomas Whalen, Ogden; Alternate, Mrs. A. B. Emory, Park City. Mrs. O.J. 
Salisbury, Salt Lake City; Alternate, Mrs. Maggie Keogh, Salt Lake City. 

District of Columbia — Mrs. Mary S. Logan, Washington; Alternate, Mrs. Emma Dean Powell, 
Washington. Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, Washington; Alternate, Miss Emma Winesatt, Wash- 
ington. 

BOARD OF MANAGEMENT OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. 

Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to represent the Department of Agricul- 
ture, Chairman. 

Sevellon A. Brown, Chief Clerk of the Department of State, to represent that Department. 

Allured B. Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, to represent the Treasury 
Department. 

Maj. Clifton Comly, U. S. A., to represent the War Department. 



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CHICAGO, 1893. 79 



Capt. R. W. Meade, U. S. N., to represent the Navy Department. 

A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster-General, to represent the Postoffice Department. 
Horace A. Taylor, Commissioner of Railroads, to represent the Department of the Interior. 
Elijah C. Fotter, General Agent of the Department of Justice, to represent that Department. 
Prof. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institute, to represent that Institution 

and the National Museum. 
J. W. Collins, Assistant-in-charge Division of Fisheries, to represent the United States Fish 

Commission. 
F. T. Bickford, Secretary. 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

The World's Columbian Exposition was organized under the general statutes 
of the state of Illinois, upon the following application, which was filed with the 
secretary of state on August 15, 1889. It states the name of the proposed corpora- 
tion as " The World's Exposition of 1892," the object for its formation as " the 
holding of an International Exhibition or World's Fair in the city of Chicago and 
state of Illinois, to commemorate on its four hundredth anniversary the discovery 
of America." The capital stock is $5,000,000, the amount of each share is $10, 
and the number of shares is 500,000; the location of the principal office at Chicago, 
Cook county, Illinois, and the duration of the corporation ninety-nine years. This 
application was signed by the following well-known and responsible citizens of Chi- 
cago: DeWitt C. Cregier, Ferd. W. Peck, Geo. Schneider, Anthony F. Seeberger, 
William C. Seipp, John R. Walsh and E. Nelson Blake. The license to the above 
named parties to open subscription books is dated August 14, 1889, and the entire 
amount of $5,000,000 was subscribed by March 23, 1890, on which date notices 
were issued for a meeting of the subscribers, to be held in Battery D, in the city of 
Chicago, 111., on April 4, 1890, at 10 o'clock a. m. This meeting was held accord- 
ingly, and the following named persons were elected directors: 

Owen F. Aldis. Andrew McNally. 

Samuel W. Allerton. Joseph Medill. 

William T. Baker. Adolph Nathan. 

Thomas B. Bryan. Robert Nelson. 

Edward B. Butler. John J. P. Odell. 

Mark L. Crawford. Potter Palmer. 

W. H. Colvin. James C. Peasley. 

De Witt C. Cregier. Ferd. W. Peck. 

George R. Davis. Erskine M. Phelps. 

James W. Ellsworth. Eugene S. Pike. 

John V. Farwell, Jr. Martin A. Ryerson. 

Stuyvesant Fish. Charles H. Schwab. 

Lyman J. Gage. Anthony F. Seeberger. 

Harlow N.Higinbotham. William E. Strong. 

Charles L. Hutchinson. Charles H. Wacker. 

Edward T. Jeffrey. Robert A. Waller. 

Elbridge G. Keith. Edwin Walker. 

Rollin A. Keyes. John R. Walsh. 

Marshall M. Kirkman. Charles C. Wheeler. 

Herman H. Kohlsaat. Frederick S. Winston. 

Edward F. Lawrence. Charles T. Yerkes. 

Thies J. Lefens. Otto Young. 
Cyrus H. McCormick 



80 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



All of the above remain in office with the following exceptions: Mr. W. H. 
Colvin resigned and succeeded by Mr. Robert C. Clowry; Mr. Stuyvesant Fish 
resigned and succeeded by Mr. William Borner; Mr. T ohn R. Walsh resigned and 
succeeded by Mr. William J. Chalmers. 

At a special meeting of stockholders held June 12, 1890, the name of the 
corporation was changed to "The World's Columbian Exposition," and the capital 
stock increased to $10,000,000. 

OFFICERS. 

President Lyman J. Gage. 

First Vice-President Thomas B. Bryan. 

Second Vice-President Potter Palmer. 

Treasurer Anthony F. Seeberger. 

Secretary Benjamin Botterworth. 

Assistant Secretary J. H. Kingwill. 

Auditor William K. Ackerman. 

THE PRESIDENT. 

Lyman Judson Gage, President of the World's Columbian Exposition, was 
born June 28, 1836, in Madison county, N. Y., his father being one of the early 
settlers of that county. Mr. Gage commenced his long and successful career in 
banking by entering the Oneida Central Bank, at Rome, N. Y. Two years later 
he came to Chicago, and connected himself with Mr. Cobb in the lumber business. 
In 1856 he became bookkeeper of the Merchants' Loan & Trust Co.; in 1863 he 
was promoted to the position of assistant cashier, and in a few months was offered 
the position of cashier of the First National Bank. Working with a board of 
directors capable, progressive and at the same time wisely conservative, Mr. Gage 
found all the conditions and elements necessary for the growth and development of 
his own abilities, the result being the material development and success of one of 
the most prominent banking institutions in the world. The best evidence of the 
high esteem in which Mr. Gage is held by his fellow citizens is the following list 
of some of the official positions held by him since his residence in Chicago: Vice- 
President of Chicago Citizens' League, 1885; Director Union Stock Yards 
National Bank, President Commercial Club, Vice-President Union Club, Treasurer 
Young Men's Christian Association, Treasurer Art Institute, President American 
Bankers' Association, Chairman Committee on Finance Seventh Republican 
Convention, 1880; Manager Chicago Clearing House Association, Vice-President 
First National Bank. 

THE SITE OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Chicago, unique in almost everything, possesses four practically available sites, 
each presenting many and good reasons for favorable selection. The Directors of 
the Exposition in whose hands was placed the duty of selection have given such 
time and attention to the matter as few business men in other cities would have 
been likely to have done. Working steadily with competent architects, engineers 
and experts in sanitary matters and giving the entire summer to this important and 
arduous undertaking, they have arrived at a result which must be absolutely satis- 
factory to the visitor to the World's Fair in whose interest this great undertaking 
is to be carried throusrh. 




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CHICAGO, 1893. 81 



The first decision of the Board of Directors comprised a dual site and was 
accepted by the National Commission, but, to make the matter more certain, an 
additional term of some eight or ten weeks was given to a complete and special 
study of all the locations suggested, resulting in the unanimous decision that the 
original preference was based on the very best advantages. 

This dual site, as it is termed, presents in its duality opportunities such as no 
city in the world can compete with. While the World's Fair proper will be held 
at Washington Park, a location offering the use of at least 400 acres of a satisfac- 
tory character for all the general purposes of this great International Exhibition 
and supplying ample space for a complete representation of the most important of 
the resources and manufactures of our own and foreign nations in the most effective 
manner. Connected with this territory through Jackson Park both by water and 
land, an additional tract has been secured through the courtesy and good will of 
the city authorities. This is known as the Lake Front, and which, when completed 
carried out upon the present plans of the most competent engineers and architects, 
will furnish an additional area of from fifty to one hundred acres. 

Having in view the comfort and convenience of the hundreds of thousands of 
our fellow citizens and those from foreign lands, this dual site affords advantages 
which upon reflection must be clearly understood by the practical mind. 

As already stated by the writer, his estimate of the total attendance at the 
World's Fair 1893, will be, including the present population of Chicago, not less 
than 4,000,000 of persons, with an average of five entrances to each person, this 
means 20,000,000 of people entering the exhibition grounds within a period of six 
months from May 1, 1893. To this large number must be added the daily visits 
and of not less than 5,000 or more officers, exhibitors and attendants of all classes, 
which is fully equivalent to another 1,000,000. 

Under these favorable circumstances, the visitor can either commence the day at 
the Lake Front and proceed to Washington Park, or spend his day at the Park and 
his evening at the Lake Front. Under any circumstances, this relieves the World's 
Fair of one of its greatest possible difficulties, an uncontrollable crowd. While 
naturally through the day much the largest proportion of these visitors will be at 
Washington Park, yet a sufficient number will be absorbed by the Lake Front to 
make the total space ample for the largest number, say 500,000, ever likely to be in 
Chicago on any one day. Another and very important feature in the dual site is, 
that during the evening the Lake Front section can be kept open, thus affording 
amusement and instruction at a time when heretofore all World's Fairs have been 
strictly closed. 

Of course it cannot be expected that the large body of exhibitors and em- 
ployes at Washington Park, the principal seat of the exhibition, should remain 
later than seven o'clock, the hour at which all exhibitions have generally closed. 

Our visitors informed in advance of this opportunity to spend their evenings, 
are therefore likelv to increase the length of their visit and remain at least two 
days in place of one. 



82 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



CHAPTER X. 

CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 

LOCATION. 

The city of Chicago is situated on the west shore of the great inland sea 
known as Lake Michigan, 850 miles from the city of Baltimore, the nearest point 
on the Atlantic, and 2,41"7 miles from San Francisco on the Pacific. Its mean 
elevation is twenty-five feet above Lake Michigan, or 591 feet above mean sea level, 

SIZE. 

The area of the city of Chicago is 111,360 acres, or 169 square miles, divided 
by the Chicago river and its branches into three sections, known as the North, 
South and West Divisions, or more properly sides. These are connected by 
sixty-three swing bridges and two tunnels. In 1888 there were 651 miles of 
streets, with a total area of 5,200 acres, and fifty-one miles of drives within 
the city limits. The Park and Boulevard system of Chicago, occupying 2,000 
acres, is the most extensive of any city in the world and is alone worthy of a visit; 
when completed it will surround the city on three sides, forming a series of drives 
almost unrivalled; the cost of the Michigan Avenue drive alone was $200,000 per 
mile, and one can drive for over twenty miles. There are 2,040. "71 miles of side- 
walks in the city, of which 286.21 were laid during the past year. The total 
number of miles of streets is, 2,047.28, of which 5*78. 15 miles are improved; 
107.68 miles were improved during the past year. Chicago has a river frontage 
of forty-one miles. 

WORLD'S FAIR. 

The selection of Chicago as the location for the World's Fair 1893, by a 
majority of both Houses of Congress, is indicative of the strong impression made 
upon representatives from all sections of the United States as to its perfect fitness 
for this vast undertaking. The interior commerce of the United States is more 
than double in amount and value that of all the foreign commerce of the world. 
Chicago already commands a large proportion of this immense trade, with a fair 
prospect of a steady annual increase. There is no other city in the Union which for 
position alone could compare with Chicago; centrally located, with thousands of 
miles of direct railroad connections, it is equi-distant to Spain and Japan, London and 
Canton, Buenos Ayres and St. Petersburgh. Mexico and Montreal are brought to its 
gates, and, as will be seen from map at the end of this book, it is in every respect unique 
in its advantages so far as distances are concerned. Still farther, Chicago is entitled 
to the World's Fair from its rank as a cosmopolitan city, being the second city on 
this continent in population and the seventh in the world and such a population. 
Outside of London it is doubtful if any citv in the world can show a larger and 




FIRST NATIONAL BANK, CHICAGO, 1890. 




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CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 



83 



as varied a foreign population as the city of Chicago. Through the courtesy of 
Mr. G. F. Stone, the able Secretary of the Board of Trade, the following statistics, 
together with much other official matter relating to Chicago, has been kindly 
supplied: 

ESTIMATE OF NATIONALITIES COMPRISING THE POPULATION OF THE 

CITY OF CHICAGO, 1890. 



American 292,463 

German 384,958 

Irish 215,534 

Bohemian 54,209 

Polish 52,756 

Swedish 45,877 

Norwegian 44,615 

English 33,785 

French 12,963 

Scotch 11,927 

Welsh 2,966 

Russian 9,977 

Danes 9,891 

Italians ... 9,921 



Hollanders 4,912 

Hungarians 4,827 

Swiss 2,735 

Roumanians 4,350 

Canadians 6,989 

Belgians 682 

Greeks 698 

Spanish 297 

Portugese 34 

East Indians 28 

West Indians 37 

Sandwich Islands 31 

Mongolians 1.217 



1,208,669 



HEALTH. 

Thus it will be seen that there are few nations in the world that are not repre- 
sented in Chicago, and certain sections of this great city are almost entirely given 
up to special nationalities, so that in 1893 every foreigner will be sure to receive a 
hearty welcome in his own language. One would suppose that in so large a body 
of representatives of all nations that there would be an increased tendency to 
mortality, but, as indicated below, Chicago is an exceptionally healthy city, com- 
paring most favorably with the three cities in Europe in which Worlds' Fairs have 
been held. The annual mortality per 1,000 is, in 

London 21.92 

Paris '. 27.02 

Vienna 27.29 

Chicago 17.49 

Statistics for 1888 show: 

New York 

Boston 



26.27 

25.18 

Philadelphia 31.19 

Brooklyn 22.05 

This fact alone is a strong assurance of safety to visitors in 1893. 
The number of births for the year 1889 was 20,995, and the number of 
marriages for the same period, 12,500. 

THE BOARD OF TRADE. 

In some respects this organization represents the largest volume of trade of any 
citv in the world. Its new building is a unique granite structure covering an area 
of 200 by 174 feet, surmounted by a tower tapering into a pinnacle 322 feet above 
the pavement. Illustrated opposite page 65. This tower is a very prominent object 
and one of the city's most prominent landmarks, being visible to vessels bound for 
the port of Chicago from a great distance out in Lake Michigan. The interior of 



84 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



the Board of Trade is very elaborate, especially the decorations of the large trading 
hall of the Board, which occupies a square of 174 feet by 155 feet, is 80 feet high, 
with a ceiling of glass 70 feet by 80 feet. This important organization was founded 
1848 and incorporated in 1850, with thirteen subscribers, the present membership in 
being nearly 2,000. The business done on the Board is confined to farm products 
and has reached most extraordinary proportions, the statement for 1888 showing 
clearings of $105,758,106. The rule regarding business does not permit transactions 
of less than 1,000 bushels of grain or 250 barrels of pork. 

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRADE. 

President Wm. T. Baker. 

First Vice-President E. W. Bailey. 

Second Vice-President J. G. Steever. 

Secretary , G. F. Stone. 

Treasurer E. A. Hamill. 

Counsel A. W. Green. 

RECEIPTS OF THE PORT OF CHICAGO, 1889-1890. 

FOR SIX MONTHS ENDING JUNE 30. 





Flour, 
brls. 


Wheat, 
bu. 


Corn, 
bu. 


Oats, 
bu. 


Rye, 

bu. 


Barley, t Grass Seeds 
bu. lbs. 


Flax Seed, 
bu. 


1890 

1889 


2,046,205 
1,651,652 


3,494,762 
2,938,203 


45,978,056 
32,393,895 


30,804,639 
20,193,970 


1,384,083 
570,436 


5,381,649 36,433,770 
4,664,103 37,717,061 


859,43S 

570,964 









Broom 
Corn, 

lbs. 


Cured Meats, 
lbs. 


Canned 
Meats, 
cases. 


Dressed 
Beef, 

lbs. 


Pork, 
brls. 


Lard, 
lbs. 


Cheese, ' Butter, 
lbs. lbs. 


1890 


2,363,376 
3,636,036 


163,609,373 

123,438,686 


7,507 
9,070 


65,129,745 
26,684,026 


42,635 

35,814 


72,384,684 
49,315,203 


21,719,283166,316,519 


1889 


18,430,820'62,714,494 







1890. 
1889. 



Hides, 
lbs. 



51,375,898 
50,351,271 



Wool, 
lbs. 



6,173,029 
10.257,573 



Coal, 
tons. 



1,847,420 
1,842,018 



Lumber, 
M. 



615,382 
701,165 



Shingles, 
M. 



193,307 
231,781 



Salt, 
brls. 



655,673 
612,569 



SHIPMENTS FROM THE PORT OF CHICAGO, 1889-1890. 

FOR SIX MONTHS ENDING JLINE 30. 





Flour, 
brls. 


Wheat, 
bu. 


Corn, 
bu. 


Oats, 
bu. 


Rye, 

bu. 


Barlev, 
bu.' 


Grass Seeds 
bu. 


Flax Seed, 
bu. 


1890 


1,817,997 
1,396,191 


4 278,845 
4,440,471 


48,725,179 
34,124,722 


37,927,482 
20,71S,770 


1,886,423 
919,541 


3,639,976 
3,181,405 


41,198,667 
49,439,809 


1,266,655 


1889 


525,984 







1890. 
1889. 



Broom 
Corn, 
lbs. 



6,009,271 
6,246,788 



Cured Meats. 
lbs. 



3S0,532,547 
306,600,090 



Canned 
Meats, 



612,281 
533,736 



Dressed 
Beef, 
lbs. 



500,546,484 
455,732,460 



Pork, 
brls. 



171,766 
190,866 



Lard, 
lbs. 



Cheese, i Butter, 
lbs. lbs. 



222,111,385 18,424,980 
168,490,042116,352,341 



77,328,936 
68,033,424 



Hides, 
lbs. 



Wool, Coal, 

lbs. tons. 



Lumber, 
M. 



Shingles, 
M. 



Salt, 
brls. 



1890 . 

1889. 



91,850.968 
89,621,105 



13,142.018 
13,902,709 



216,710 
197,074 



331,015 
314,665 



46,281 
107,838 



467,793 
508,710 



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THE CHICAGO, 1892. 



CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 85 

The commerce of Chicago is best indicated bv the following table for 1889: 

Chicago. 

Number of vessels entered 10,804 

Number of vessels cleared 10,984 

It is an important fact to be noted in connection with Chicago, that the 
largest manufacturing concern in the world is in this city, the Illinois Steel 
Company having a business of $60,000,000 last year; also that the largest business 
carried on by a single individual in the zvorld is in Chicago, namely, Philip D. 
Armour, whose business last year was $75,000,000. 

CHICAGO POST OFFICE. 

The city of Chicago has an area of 174 square miles, within which limits there 
are fifty-two separate and distinct post offices presided over by postmasters, each 
independent of the other in the appointment and management of their respective 
offices. Although these post offices are in Chicago, they take the name of the 
suburb in which the}- are located. The limits or jurisdiction of the postmaster of 
the Chicago post office covers less than one-third of the area of the city proper. 
The central or main office is located in the business portion of the cil,y. It has 
eleven carrier stations, and twenty-two sub-postal stations, distributed at various 
points within said jurisdiction. The force employed consists of 618 regular carriers, 
200 substitute carriers, 687 regular clerks and sixty substitute clerks, making a total 
of 1,565 employes. Of this force eighty carriers, thirty-six horses and thirty-six 
wagons are employed in the collection of the mail from the street letter-boxes. 

CITY DELIVERIES. 

In the business part six deliveries are made during the day; the first commenc- 
ing at 7 :00 a. m. and the last at 4 :00 p. m. In the same territory thirteen collections 
are made during the da}- ; the first commencing at 5 :30 a. m. and the last at 7 :30 
p. m. Three additional deliveries and collections are made to the principal hotels 
and newspaper offices, viz.: at 7:00, 9:00 and 11:00 p. m. respectively. 

From 2 to 5 deliveries, and 3 to 9 collections are made in the other parts of the 
Chicago office jurisdiction; the number of deliveries and collections depending 
upon the relative business importance of the localities served. 

The mails in transit between the main office and its stations, and to and 
from the various railroad depots, are conveyed by horses and wagons, under a con- 
tract with private persons, subject, however, to the control of the postmaster. In 
the performance of this service there are employed by the contractor fifty men, 
ninety-two horses and forty-four wagons. 

RECEIPTS AND REVENUE. 

The receipts of the Chicago office and stations ( this does not include the 
receipts of the other fifty-one post offices in the city) for the fiscal vear ending 
June 30th, 1890, amounted to $3,126,840.68, and the expenses to $1,131,474.24, 
showing a net income of $1,995,366.44, or profit of nearly $2,000,000 for the 
year. During the same period the mail matter delivered and despatched from the 
Chicago office amounted to 35,500,641 pounds, or 519,414,681 pieces, while the 



86 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



number of registered articles handled and not included in the above amounts to 
3,097,986 pieces. In addition to this the number of money order transactions 
reached 1,8*79,292, aggregating a sum of $19,288,947.54, in that department of the 
office alone. The amount of mail in transit through the city of Chicago and 
transferred from incoming to outgoing trains is estimated to have reached the 
enormous bulk of 27, 375 tons for the year. 

MAIL TRAINS TO AND FROM CHICAGO. 

There are 220 mail trains arriving and departing from the city daily, excepting 
Sunday; of these trains 118 have railway post offices attached, in which 300 clerks 
are daily employed in the distribution of the mails while in transit. In addition 
to this number of railway clerks, a force of thirty-three clerks employed by the 
Chicago post office is sent out on the night trains to the meeting point of incoming 
railway post office trains, on which they return to distribute and make up the mail 
for the main office and stations, for immediate delivery by carriers upon arrival. 
This system of quick delivery of incoming mails was instituted by the present 
postmaster, Col. James A. Sexton. By this method sixty-five to seventy per 
centum of the mails received during the twenty-four hours is placed upon the 
counters o,f banks and business houses in the business portion by 9 o'clock in the 
morning. 

There are 110 separate mails closed daily for despatch, the first " close being 
made at 3:20 a. m. and the last at 10:30 p m. A corresponding number of mails 
is received daily. There are also used daily 1,014 bags (leather) and 2,930 bags 
(canvas) in conveying the mails to and from the post office and railway trains. 
The weight of the empty bags alone amounted to 3,249,253 pounds for the year. 

The headquarters of the 6th Division Railway Mail Service, comprising the 
States of Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and Wyoming Territory, are located in Chicago. 
In this division 856 railway clerks are employed in the distribution of the mails on 
the cars. During the year ending June 30, 1890, these clerks traveled 33,330,704 
miles. The Division of Post Office Inspectors, comprising the States of Illinois, 
Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, and the two Dakotas, have their head- 
quarters here. The Inspector in charge has fifteen Inspectors under his supervision 
with 10,000 postmasters and their innumerable employees to look after. 

POST OFFICE BUILDING. 

The erection of the present Post Office building was commenced in 1871, 
immediately after the great fire, being completed and occupied by the Post Office 
in May, 1880. It was thought at that time to be sufficiently large to accommodate 
the wants of the postal service for the next fifty or seventy-five years. Scarcely 
ten years have passed, and it is found wholly inadequate to accommodate the enor- 
mous amount of its present daily business. In the past ten years the population 
has more than doubled, while the business of the Post Office has quadrupled. It 
is not an extravagant statement to estimate the increased volume of postal business 
during the year of the World's Columbian Exposition to be nearly, if not quite, 
double its present amount. The local postal authorities are confronted with the 
startling fact that immediate preparation must be made in the way of securing 
adequate room for the proper handling of so colossal a business during the year of 
the Exposition. A separate building should be erected upon the Exposition 




RAND-MCNALLY BUILDING, CHICAGO, 1890. 



CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 



87 



grounds for the handling of the mail for exhibitors and others. This will bring 
up the question of supervision of the postal service in the Exposition. 

FOREIGN VISITORS. 

Foreign visitors will naturally form their estimate of the postal system of the 
United States by the character of the service in operation at Chicago. While they 
are invited to bring hither for exhibition the products of the ingenuity and skill of 
their countrymen, in honest rivalry with like products of the United States, patri- 
otic effort should be made to make the postal service during the World's Columbian 
Exposition compare as favorably as possible with the postal service in operation in 
Europe. 

FOREIGN MAILS. 

The foreign mails will be largely increased during the year 1893. To facili- 
tate the distribution and delivery of these mails, Foreign Exchange Offices should 
be established on the lines of the New York & Chicago and Chicago & Burlington 
Fast Mail Trains, thus avoiding delay, which would otherwise occur at the 
Exchange Offices of New York, Boston and San Francisco. Under the present 
system of sending out city distributing clerks to meeting points of incoming trains, 
the mails for the Exposition and Chicago office would be made up separately for 
the carriers and sent direct to the respective points for immediate delivery. This 
system should be extended to other mail trains, and the force for this work largely 
augmented preparatory for 1893. 

NEWSPAPERS, ETC. 

Of the newspapers published in Chicago there are 24 dailies, 260 weeklies, 36 
semi-monthlies, 192 monthlies, 5 bi-monthlies, and 14 quarterlies, making a total of 
531 newspapers. By reference to the Postmaster General's report for the fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1889, the astonishing fact is disclosed that the quantity of 
newspapers mailed by the publishers at the Chicago Post Office equalled the 
amount mailed at Boston, Cincinnati, New Orleans, Buffalo and Baltimore com- 
bined, or at St. Louis, Cincinnati, San Francisco, New Orleans and Baltimore 
combined, and also at Philadelphia, New Orleans, Baltimore and Cincinnati com- 
bined, or in the entire thirteen Southern States, with St. Louis combined, amounting 
to 20,000,000 pounds of serial matter. 

It was remarked recently by a well informed official of the Philadelphia Post 
Office, that " it was no wonder the amount of business and receipts of the Chicago 
Office was so much greater than that of the Philadelphia Post Office, for the 
statistics showed that Chicago was the greatest grain market, the greatest lumber 
market, and the greatest manufacturing center in the world, and what was still 
more astonishing, that its live stock market was greater than all three combined. 
It is simply a marvelous city." 

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES BY STEAM RAILROADS, DAILY. 

Arrivals. Departures. 

Chicago & Erie 300 300 

Chicago.Burlington&Quincy 4,250 4,250 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis 600 600 



Lake Shore 

Illinois Central 

Chicago & Grand Trunk . . 
Chicago & North-Western. 
Chicago & Alton 516 



Arrivals. Departures. 



532 


474 


8,500 


8,500 


750 


700 


2,500 


12,500 


516 


536 



WORLD'S FAIRS. 



STREET RAILWAYS. 

Chicago, according to the new census, stands third in length of street railways, 
as per following statement: 

Miles. 
Chicago 185 



Miles. 

Philadelphia 283 

Boston 201 



New York 177 



But when we take miles of track, including sidings and switches, the ratio is 
changed as follows: 

Miles. 



Miles. 

New York 369 

Chicago 366 



Boston 329 

Philadelphia 324 



As some evidence of the wonderful progress of Chicago and its present 
financial standing, the following may prove of interest in reference to the 

FIRST NATIONAL BANK. 

This bank was organized May 1st, 1863, with a capital of $100,000. The 
great fire partially destroyed the bank building, and, after a temporary removal, on 
January 1, 1873, the management occupied their rebuilt structure, corner of 
Washington and State streets. The safes and vaults of the building had been 
quite unharmed ; not a security or valuable was lost and the business proceeded unin- 
terruptedly after the week of the fire. The First National Bank passed successfully 
through the trials brought on by the fire of 1871, and the panic of 1873. From 1868 
to 1882 its capital was $1,000,000, and upon the expiration of its charter during 
the latter year, its reserve or surplus fund over dividends was found to be $1,800,000. 
In May, 1882, a new organization was effected under the same designation, with a 
cash capital of $3,000,000. Lyman J. Gage then became Vice-President and 
general manager, and executive officer. At this time also the magnificent new 
building, illustrated opposite page 67, at the northwest corner of Dearborn and 
Monroe streets was erected. 

STATEMENT OF CONDITION JULY 1, 1890. 

ASSETS. 

Loans and Discounts $17,376,413.94 

Bank Building 500,000.00 

United States Bonds, (par value) 63,700.00 

Other Bonds 1,084,330.00 

Cash Resources. 

Due from Banks, (Eastern Exch.) $3,724,457.72 

Checks for Clearing House 1,452,975.31 

Cash on Hand 7,902,075.84 

Due from U. S. Treasurer 8,750.00 13,088,258.87 

$32,112,702.81 
LIABILITIES. 

Capital Stock Paid in $ 3,000,000.00 

Surplus Fund 2,000,000.00 

Other Undivided Profits 414,149.72 

Dividend No. 33 90,000.00 

Deposits 26,608,553.09 

$32,112,702.81 



CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 89 

THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO. 

While this city has its reputation for business activity and energy, the interests 
of art and literature have not been neglected, and we find in the Art Institute a 
nucleus where the many treasures to be secured at the World's Fair 1893 will find 
a suitable home. This building, illustrated, page 69, will be recognized at once as 
a model of good taste in architecture and specially suited for its intended purposes. 
There are six well lighted galleries for painting, with a capacity for hanging 550 
paintings. In other rooms are collections of Greek vases and antiquities, a metal 
and bronze collection and a special collection of arts. There is a good founda- 
tion for an art library and a suitable lecture room for discourses on art and kindred 
subjects. In addition to the permanent exhibitions, many special exhibitions are 
held at different periods. There are in the private galleries of Chicago so many 
specimens of the most noted modern artists, as well as rare examples of the old 
masters, that it is not difficult at any time to secure a loan collection of as attractive 
a character as in any city in the United States. Many special donations have been 
made to the Art Institute, and the recent appropriation of a large sum of money 
for the purpose of securing valuable old paintings, is sure to result in the securing 
of many important original paintings by the old masters. The attendance at the 
annual receptions has been most encouraging, there having been nearly 5,000 guests 
at the last reception. One of the most important of the loan collections is that of 
Mr. James W. Ellsworth, of Chicago, and includes in addition to Rembrandt's 
well-known painting, " Portrait of a Man," 116 works of American artists, 
twenty-seven Greek vases and an extensive collection of antique Chinese porce- 
lains and objects of bronze, ivory bouquet, etc., making 369 numbers. A com- 
plete set of the valuable publications of the Arundel Society has also been 
donated, together with many other valuable objects of art. 

VISITORS TO THE ART INSTITUTE. 

The following statement as regards admissions indicates a preponderance ; n 
attendance on Sunday ; this is another evidence of the great benefit arising from 
such opportunities offered to our laboring classes, through which their love for art 
and home become more certain. 

FROM JUNE 4, 1889, TO JUNE 3, 1890. 
(Museum opens only six months.) 

Number of visitors paid admissions 5,344 

Number of visitors, on free days 45,915 

Number of visitors, admitted free on membership tickets on other days 12,667 

Number of visitors, students, artists, etc., admitted free, on other days, estimated 3,000 

66,926 

Average number of visitors on Saturdays, free all day 669 

Average number of visitors on Sundays, open 1 to 5, free 855 

Average number of paying visitors on other days 41 

OFFICERS OF THE ART INSTITUTE. 

President Charles L. Hutchinson. 

Vicc-Presideii/ Edson Keith. 

Treasurer Lyman J. Gage. 

Secretary N. H. Carpenter. 

Director W. M. R. French. 



90 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



BOOKS. 

As a book publishing center, Chicago stands prominent. The production of 
bound books in 1888 aggregated 8,000,000 copies, and in paper 2,500,000, which is 
at the rate of about 35,000 volumes a day. Her largest bindery has a capacity for 
binding 15,000 volumes a day, and there are more atlases and maps manufactured 
here than in any other city. The value of books manufactured in 1888 is estimated 
at $4,700,000, a large advance on previous years, with sales at $9,300,000. 

THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

With all the rush of business and trade in this great city it must be a surprise 
to many to know that there is a larger public distribution of books here than in any 
other city in the United States. The Public Library for the present is located on 
the upper floor of the City Hall, where it occupies all the space which can be spared. 
Its establishment dates from 1872, when in commemoration of the great fire of 
October, 1871, a large number of European authors and publishers generously 
contributed copies of their works. The nucleus thus formed has grown into a 
magnificent collection of 121,000 volumes, the majority of which belong to the 
Circulating Department. During the past year the number of volumes added to 
the Library has been 10,908, making a total of 156,243 volumes, with a total circu- 
lation of 1,220,479; 843,971 volumes of which were taken for home reading. 
The number of visitors to the Reading Room was 436,412, and of those to the 
several Reference Departments, not including the Reading Room, was 113,531, 
being a large increase over the corresponding figures of the previous year. The 
eighteen branch or delivery stations, located in distant parts of the city, reached 
an aggregate issue during the year of 201,257 volumes. The number of visitors to 
the Reading Room during the past year was 436,412, an increase of 94,588 over 
the preceding year. The average Sunday attendance rose from 496 to 638, 
indicating the great value and importance of such opportunities to those who have 
no other chance to avail themselves of good literature. The issues of periodicals 
numbered 389,192. The number of serials on file is 587, of which 390 are classed 
as periodicals, seventy-one daily newspapers, and 126 special newspapers. 

The admirable management of this Public Library, through the care and 
attention of the Librarian and Secretary, and the able Assistant Librarian, Mr. 
Gauss, is best evinced by the unique distinction of an award of the gold medal by 
the commissioners of the Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1889. Arrangements are 
are now being made for the erection of a suitable Public Library, the land having 
already been secured, and it is hoped that visitors from foreign lands in 1893 will 
find a more handsome casket for the literary treasures so kindly donated. 

INCREASE IN BUILDING. 

The number of buildings constructed in Chicago during the year 1889 is 
7,590, with a frontage of 181,126 feet, or 34.3 miles, costing $31,576,000. From 
1876 to 1889 there were erected in the city 37,042 buildings, on a frontage of 172 
miles, costing $176,460,779. 

The number of new buildings erected within the limits of the city in the first 
six months of 1890, including those in process of erection, is 5,839. Of these 
4,385 are residences, and the remainder factories, business blocks, etc. The total 
estimated cost is $21,445,250. 



CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 91 

Among' the building permits issued there are a few for structures of more 
than ordinary importance. The Masonic Building, at the corner of Randolph and 
State streets, is one of the most important, the number of cubic feet to be inclosed 
by the projected structure being exactly 4,000,000. The building is to have 
eighteen stories, to be 240 feet high, 170 feet long and 113 feet deep. 

The sixteen-story Bartlett office building, to be erected at 265 to 271 Dearborn 
street, will be 192 feet high and measure 73 by 72 feet. 

The fourteen-story hotel building, The Chicago, at the corner of Jackson and 
Dearborn streets, is estimated to enclose 2,524,000 cubic feet. It will be 17(3 feet 
high. 

The " Women's Temple," to be erected by the W. C. T. U. at the southwest 
corner of Monroe and La Salle streets, although but twelve stories high, will be 
larger, however, for it will be 172 feet high, 189 feet long and 96 feet deep, 
making a cubic measurement of 3,120,000 feet. 

All these, however, will be overtopped in every sense, so far as dimensions 
go, by the new Fair Building, sixteen stories high (210 feet), and measuring 351 
feet in length and ISO feet in depth, giving a cubic measurement of 14,000,000 feet. 
This immense pile, which the architects say will require five years to put up, will 
represent an outlay of $3,000,000 for the building alone. It 'will enclose more 
space than any existing structure in America, the Auditorium not excepted. It is 
intended by the architects to have the lower stories of the new Fair Building ready 
for use, so far as the purchasing public is concerned, by 1893, in time for the 
World's Fair. The remaining stories will be added to it without interfering with 
the business below. 

THEATRES. 

There are twenty-four theatres in Chicago, with an estimated average gross 
attendance daily of from 12,000 to 15,000 persons. 

CHURCHES. 

There are 465 places of public worship, of all denominations, in Chicago, with 
an estimated gross attendance on each and every Sunday of not less than 120,000 
persons. 

ACCOMMODATIONS. 

It is a cause of great satisfaction to all interested in the success of the World's 
Fair, 1893, that Chicago stands unrivalled in the world for its accommodations for 
visitors; from the most carefully selected statistics there is unquestioned evidence 
that it will absorb, without inconvenience, double the number of transient visitors 
of any other city on this continent. There are at the present writing over four- 
teen hundred hotels, large and small, with a united capacity sufficient to care com- 
fortably for at least one hundred thousand extra guests; this is entirely outside of 
the enormous number of boarding and private houses, which, in an emergency, would 
probably double this estimate. It is quite within reason to look forward to an 
increase of at least one-fourth more in these accommodations within the next three 
years. In addition to the above large number of hotels, there are in Chicago at 
the present time over six hundred restaurants and cafes, with a feeding capacity of 
at least one hundred thousand persons daily, one restaurant alone having supplied 
eight thousand meals in one day. 



92 WORLD'S FAIRS. 



THE PALMER HOUSE. 

The best evidence of the ability of Chicago to care for her guests in 1893, is 
the present admirable system of hotels. The hotel illustrated page 78 is a model 
house of entertainment, conducted on both the American and European plan 
and, having accommodations for a larger number of guests than any other 
hotel in the world, will present to the foreigners visiting Chicago many points 
of interest. In the first place it is believed to be absolutely fire-proof, the mate- 
rials used in its construction being brick, stone, iron, marble and cement. The 
graded system of rates first introduced by this hotel is now the popular rule all over 
the world, and the most acceptable to the traveling public. The Palmer House 
covers 76,550 square feet, and, being on three wide streets, the majority of the 
rooms are well lighted and ventilated. There are 708 rooms in the hotel and it 
accommodates continually from 600 to 1,000 guests, over 2,400 having been cared 
for on one occasion. The grand rotunda, 64 feet wide, 106 feet long and 
over 36 feet in height, is the evening business exchange for Chicago and is 
nightly crowded. Railroad ticket and telegraph offices are to be found in the 
main entrance hall and a complete system of Russian, Turkish and medicated baths 
has been recently introduced. Copeland Townsend, managing partner. 

THE AUDITORIUM BUILDING. 

This is one of the latest of the large and magnificent structures erected in 
Chicago. It combines in itself theater, hotel, offices, stores, lecture room and 
observatory. Admirably located, facing the lake front, it is at once one of the 
most striking and popular places of resort in the city. The Auditorium is adapted 
for all purposes requiring a large audience and has been used for concerts and 
dramatic performances, with a permanent seating capacity of over 4,000. For 
conventions, by utilizing the stage, nearly 8,000 can be accommodated. The hotel 
has 400 guest rooms, with large dining room and kitchen, being on the top floor. 
The magnificent banquet hall is built of steel on trusses spanning 120 feet over the 
Auditorium. The total area covered by this building is about one and a half acres, 
with a street frontage of 710 feet. The height of the main building, ten stories, 
145 feet. Total height, 270 feet. Weight of entire building, 110,000 tons. The 
cost net, including land, about $3,200,000. Illustrated on page 83. 

THE GRAND PACIFIC. 

Another evidence of the energy and determination of the Chicago citizen is 
seen in this immense building, situated in the heart of the business portion of the 
city, with 500 rooms and accommodations for 800 guests, and specially adapted to 
the convenience of the business public. Destroyed by the fire of 1871, it was at 
once rebuilt, at an expense of $1,500,000, and opened for guests in June, 1873; and 
a fire-proof addition of 100 rooms has recently been added. The Grand Pacific is 
noted for having been the headquarters of many leading politicians. The cuisine 
of the Grand Pacific has long been noted for its superior excellence In the cafe 
alone between 1,500 and 2,000 people eat daily. The lease of this house has been 
valued at $600,000 and the furniture $360,000. It is centrally located, opposite the 
postoffice and near the railroad depot. Proprietors, Drake, Parsons & Co. Illus- 
tration of Grand Pacific Hotel page 81. 



CHICAGO AS IT IS IN 1890. 93 

THE CHICAGO. 

This immense building of which an illustration is given page 85, is not yet 
commenced, but as its completion will be in season for the World's Fair 1893, it 
should properly find a place in these pages. It will be constructed largely of iron 
and steel. Its cost, with furnishings, $1,250,000. The rotunda will be seventy- 
five feet square, with marble balcony and promenade, lighted by dome of glass. 
This hotel covers an area of 100 x 165 feet, and will be fourteen stories in height. 
The stairways and wainscotting all over the house will be of the best and purest 
marble. There will be 200 private bath rooms, with porcelain baths and marble 
floors. Comfortable accommodations for 1,000 guests, kept on the European plan, 
with all bedrooms lighted by incandescent lights. Proprietors: Hulbert, Eden, 
Howe & Chassaing. 

As an evidence of the public spirit of the residents of Chicago in the erection 
of suitable Dermanent buildings, the attention of the reader is called to the 

THE RAND, McNALLY & CO. BUILDING. 

This building is shown as a model for size, convenience and durability, being 
positively fire-proof. The frame work is entirely of steel, firmly bolted and riveted 
and so proportioned that the stresses are evenly distributed. It has ten stories and 
a basement, with a frontage of 150 feet on Adams street, extending back 165 feet 
to Quincy street. The two fronts are fire-proofed with dark red terra cotta in 
handsome designs and the interior with hard burnt fire-clay, no part of the steel 
being exposed. In the center of the building is left a court 60 x 66 feet, having its 
outer walls faced with English white enameled bricks. Messrs. Rand, McNally & 
Co. are printers, publishers and map makers, and pride themselves on having the 
finest and most complete building of its kind in the world. As an illustration of 
its vastness and solidity, it may be stated that this building contains fifteen miles of 
steel railway iron, sixty-five pound rails in the foundation, besides the twelve-inch 
and twenty-inch steel beams. In the building itself there are twelve miles of 
fifteen-inch steel beams and channels, two and a half miles of ties and angles in 
roof, seven miles of tie rods and ten miles of Z steel in the columns, twelve miles 
of steam-pipe, 350,000 rivets and bolts, with seven acres of floors, the boards of 
which would reach 250 miles if laid end to end. There is a total of 3,700 tons of 
steel in this immense structure. Illustrated oa^e 87. 





LAKE FRONT. SITE Ol 




WASHINGTON PARK. SITE 




Copyrighted 1890. 



WORLD'S FAIR MAP, CHICAGO, 1893. 



By Chas. D. Stone & Co., Chicago. 




LAKE FRONT. SITE Op WORLD'S FAIR 



n 




WASHINGTON PARK. SITE OF WORLD'S FAIR. 



In Press • • • •• • 

THE 

World's Fair Popular Guide 



TO THE 



United States and Canada, 



FULL INFORMATION 



REGARDING THE 



International Exhibition, 

CHICAGO, 
1893 



MILTON WESTON CO., 

1-5:© 6z 151 ^Ciclilg-an Avenue, 
CHICAGO. 



IN PRESS. 



The Old World * 4 The New 



OR 



FOREIGN NATIONS 



AT THE 



WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO, 1595 



COMPRISING A COMPLETE POPULAR SKETCH OF EACH NATION. 



By C. B. NORTON, 



ILLUSTRATED 



WITH PORTRAITS OF THE POWERS THAT BE, ALSO OF OUR 
REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD. 



TO BE PUBLISHED BY 

MILTON WESTON COMPANY, 
CHICAGO. 






